N1 grammar · 171
Lessons 1–10
- 1〜あってのX exists only thanks to Y; without Y there would be no X
- 2〜いかんだ / 〜いかんによって(は)depends on …; according to …
- 3〜いかんによらず / 〜いかんにかかわらず / 〜いかんを問わずregardless of …; irrespective of …
- 4〜う（よう）が / 〜う（よう）とno matter what/how …; even if …
- 5〜う（よう）が〜まいが / 〜う（よう）と〜まいとwhether … or not (it makes no difference)
- 6〜かぎりだextremely …; could not be more … (the speaker's own feeling)
- 7〜がてらwhile doing …; taking the opportunity of …
- 8〜かたがたpartly for the purpose of …; combining … with …
- 9〜かたわらwhile (holding a main occupation), also …
- 10〜がゆえ(に) / 〜ゆえのbecause of …; owing to … (literary cause)
Lessons 11–20
- 11〜からある / 〜からする / 〜からのas much as …; no less than … (an impressively large amount)
- 12〜きらいがあるhas a tendency to … (undesirable)
- 13〜極まる / 〜極まりないextremely …; the height of … (usually negative)
- 14〜ごとき / 〜ごとく / 〜ごとしlike …; as if …; such as (classical よう)
- 15〜かのごとく / 〜かのごときas if …; as though … (contrary to fact)
- 16〜こととてbecause … (so please excuse); it being …
- 17〜ことなしに(は)without doing …
- 18〜ずくめentirely …; nothing but …; full of …
- 19〜ずにはおかない / 〜ないではおかないwill inevitably …; cannot help but cause …; will definitely …
- 20〜ずにはすまない / 〜ないではすまないmust …; cannot get away without …; will have to …
Lessons 21–30
- 21〜すらeven …
- 22〜そばからas soon as … (it is undone again); no sooner … than …
- 23ただ〜のみ / ただ〜のみならずonly …; nothing but …; not only … (but also)
- 25〜だにeven (just) …; not even …
- 26〜たりともnot even (a single) …
- 27〜たる(もの)as one who is …; anyone in the position of …
- 28〜であれ / 〜であろうとno matter what / who …; even if …
- 29〜であれ〜であれ / 〜であろうが〜であろうがwhether … or …; be it … or …
- 30〜てからというものever since … (a lasting change)
- 31〜でなくてなんだろう(か)if this is not …, what is?; this is nothing but …
Lessons 31–40
- 32〜ではあるまいし / 〜じゃあるまいしit is not as if …; you are not …, so …
- 33〜てやまない… sincerely and continually (wish, hope, love)
- 34〜と相まって / 〜が相まってcoupled with …; combined with …
- 35〜とあってbecause (of the special situation) …; as it is …
- 36〜とあればif it is (a special case such as) …; if it comes to …
- 37〜といえどもeven though …; even if …; even (a) …
- 38〜というところだ / 〜といったところだabout …; roughly …; at most …
- 39〜といったらない / 〜といったらありはしないindescribably …; extremely …
- 40〜と思いきやI thought …, but (unexpectedly) …
- 41〜ときたらwhen it comes to … (complaint)
Lessons 41–50
- 42〜ときては / 〜ときているgiven that … (on top of everything); what with …
- 43〜ところをat a time when …; despite … (apology or thanks); just as … (was caught)
- 44〜とはいえthough …; that said …; admittedly …
- 45〜とばかりにas if to say …; as though …
- 46〜ともなく / 〜ともなしにwithout really intending to …; vaguely …; from somewhere or other
- 47〜ともなると / 〜ともなればwhen it comes to (a high level / stage) …; once one becomes …
- 48〜ないまでもeven if not …, at least …
- 49〜ないものでもないit is not impossible that …; might well …
- 50〜ながらに / 〜ながらのwhile …; as it is; in the state of … (unchanged)
- 51〜なくして(は)without …; if there were no …
Lessons 51–60
- 52〜なしに(は) / 〜なしではwithout …
- 53〜ならでは(の)unique to …; only possible with …; characteristic of …
- 54〜ならいざしらず / 〜はいざしらずX might be one thing, but …; I don't know about X, but …
- 55〜なりas soon as …; the moment …
- 56〜なり〜なりeither … or … (for example); … or something
- 57〜なりに / 〜なりのin one's own way; as befits …; to the extent of …
- 58〜なりともeven a little …; at least …
- 59〜にあって(は) / 〜にあってもin (a situation, place or time) …; being in … / even in …
- 60〜に至る / 〜に至って(は) / 〜に至ってもreach the point of …; when it comes to (an extreme case) …; even at the point of …
- 61〜に至るまでright down to …; everything up to and including …
Lessons 61–70
- 63〜にかたくないit is not hard to (imagine, guess, understand)
- 64〜にしてonly at / only for …; being …; at once … and …
- 65〜に即して / 〜に即したin accordance with …; in line with (facts, rules, reality)
- 66〜にたえる / 〜にたえないworth …; can stand up to …; cannot bear to …; deeply (feel)
- 67〜に足る / 〜に足りないworthy of …; enough to …; not worth …
- 68〜にとどまらずnot limited to …; extending beyond …
- 69〜には及ばないthere is no need to …; cannot match …
- 70〜にひきかえin contrast to …; unlike …
- 71〜にもましてeven more than …
- 72〜の至りthe height of … (a feeling); utterly …
Lessons 71–80
- 73〜の極みthe extreme of …; the ultimate …
- 74〜はおろかlet alone …; not to mention …
- 75〜ばこそprecisely because …
- 76〜ばそれまでだ / 〜たらそれまでだif …, that is the end of it; once …, it is all over
- 77〜べからず / 〜べからざるmust not …; forbidden …; (adnominal) that must not be …
- 78〜べくin order to …
- 79〜べくもないthere is no way to …; cannot possibly …
- 80〜べくしてas was bound to …; inevitably …
- 81〜まじきunbecoming of …; that should never be done by …
- 82〜までだ / 〜までのことだwill simply …; merely did …
Lessons 81–90
- 83〜までもない / 〜までもなくthere is no need to …; needless to say …
- 84〜まみれcovered all over in … (mud, sweat, blood, dust)
- 85〜めく / 〜めいたseem like …; have an air of …
- 86〜もさることながらX is one thing, but (even more) Y …
- 87〜ものをif only …; and yet … (regret or reproach)
- 88〜や否や / 〜やas soon as …; the moment …
- 89〜ゆえ(に) / 〜ゆえだbecause of …; therefore …
- 90〜をおいて(ほかに)other than …; apart from … (there is nobody / nothing)
- 91〜を限りにas of …, no more; from … on (something ends); with all one's …
- 92〜を皮切りに(して) / 〜を皮切りとしてstarting with …; beginning with …
Lessons 91–100
- 93〜を禁じ得ないcannot help feeling …; cannot suppress …
- 94〜をもってby means of …; with …; as of … (a cutoff point)
- 95〜をもってすれば / 〜をもってしてもwith (ability) … one could …; even with … one could not
- 96〜をものともせず(に)in defiance of …; undaunted by …
- 97〜を余儀なくされるbe forced to …; have no choice but to …
- 98〜を余儀なくさせるforce (someone) to …; compel …
- 99〜をよそにignoring …; in disregard of …
- 100〜んがため(に) / 〜んがためのin order to … (a strongly desired purpose)
- 101〜んばかり(に/だ/の)as if about to …; almost …
- 102〜んとする / 〜んとしているbe about to …; be trying to …
Lessons 101–110
- 103〜てはばからないdoes not hesitate to (say) …; openly …
- 104〜ともすれば / 〜ともするとis apt to …; tends to … (an undesirable tendency)
- 105〜が早いかas soon as …; no sooner … than …
- 106〜たら最後 / 〜たが最後once …, (there is no going back; a bad result follows)
- 107〜さながら(の)just like …; as if it were …
- 108〜しまつだended up (in a sorry state); to make matters worse …
- 109〜てしかるべきだshould be …; it is only proper that …
- 110〜ても差し支えない / 〜でも差し支えないit is all right to …; there is no problem with …
- 111〜とてeven …; even if …; just because …
- 112〜ないとも限らないit is not impossible that …; might just …
Lessons 111–120
- 113〜にしたところで / 〜としたところでeven (from the standpoint of) …; even if …
- 114〜に言わせれば / 〜に言わせるとif you ask …; in …'s opinion
- 115〜にかこつけてusing … as a pretext; under the pretext of …
- 116〜はさておき / 〜はさておいてsetting aside …; leaving … aside for now
- 117ひとり〜だけでなく / ひとり〜のみならずnot only … (but also …)
- 118もはやalready; no longer; by now
- 119〜ようによってはdepending on how one …
- 120〜を踏まえて / 〜を踏まえbased on …; taking … into account
- 121〜を経てthrough …; after going through …; after (a period of time)
- 122〜を機に / 〜を機としてtaking … as an opportunity; on the occasion of …; … became the trigger for
Lessons 121–130
- 123〜を境に(して)from (that point) on; with … as the dividing line; before and after …
- 124〜を頼りに(して)relying on …; with … as one's only guide; depending on …
- 125〜を前提に(して) / 〜を前提としてon the premise that …; assuming …; with … as a precondition
- 126〜ずともeven without …ing; even if one does not …; there is no need to …
- 127〜にかまけてbeing so taken up with … (that one neglects something else)
- 128〜つ〜つ…ing and …ing (back and forth, alternately); now … now …
- 129〜ともあろうsomeone of the standing of …; a … of all people (should not have)
- 130〜なくもない / 〜ないでもないit is not that … not …; I can sort of …; there is a little …
- 131〜ものと思われる / 〜ものとみられるit is thought that …; is believed to …; presumably …
- 132〜んじゃない / 〜んじゃないかisn't it …?; you should …, shouldn't you?; (falling tone) don't …!
Lessons 131–140
- 133〜きってのthe most … in (a group); the number-one … of …
- 134〜こそすれ / 〜こそあれX, yes, but never Y; there may be X, but …
- 135〜ずしてwithout …ing; without having to …
- 136〜ならまだしもif it were X, that would still be acceptable, but (the actual case is worse)
- 137〜にもほどがあるthere is a limit to …; that is going too far; that is beyond …
- 138〜ほどのことではないnot serious enough to …; not worth …ing; nothing that calls for …
- 139〜とみえて / 〜とみえるit seems that …, judging by …; apparently …, because …
- 140〜とみるやthe moment one saw/judged that …, (immediately acted)
- 141〜ばかりになっている / 〜ばかりだeverything is ready and all that remains is to …; is ready to be …
- 142〜ようにも〜ない / 〜(よ)うにも〜ないeven if one tries to …, one cannot; want to … but circumstances make it impossible
Lessons 141–150
- 143〜より(ほか)ない / 〜よりほかはないhave no choice but to …; there is nothing for it but to …
- 147〜を通して / 〜を通じてthrough (a person, medium); by means of; throughout (a period)
- 151〜に(は)当たらないthere is no need to (be surprised, praise, criticize); does not merit …
- 152〜に恥じないworthy of …; living up to …; that does not disgrace …
- 153〜に限ったことではないnot limited to …; not just …; this is not something unique to …
- 154〜ならともかくif it were X, that would be fine, but …; X aside, …
- 155〜たら〜たで / 〜ば〜で / 〜なら〜でif X, then X brings its own (problems); either way there is something
- 156〜ようで(いて)seems … but (actually) …; appears X, yet …
- 157〜が〜なら、〜も〜だlike X, like Y; X is bad, and Y is no better
- 158〜には〜がI did do X, but …; X, yes, but …
Lessons 151–160
- 159〜ないものか / 〜ないものだろうかisn't there some way to …?; I do wish … could …
- 160〜ものとするshall …; is to be …; shall be deemed … (rules and contracts)
- 161〜てはいられないcannot afford to keep …ing; this is no time to be …ing
- 162〜を(も)顧みずwithout regard for …; heedless of …; at the risk of …
- 163〜たものではない / 〜たものじゃないcannot possibly be …ed (it is too bad); is not fit to be …
- 164〜と言っても過言ではないit is no exaggeration to say …; one could fairly say …
- 165〜も同然だas good as …; practically …; virtually the same as …
- 166〜と言わず〜と言わずwhether X or Y (and everywhere else); X, Y, all of it
- 167〜は言うに及ばず / 〜は言うまでもなくnot to mention X; X goes without saying, and Y too
- 168〜手前in front of …; given one's position (having said/done …), one cannot …
Lessons 161–170
- 169〜だの〜だのX and Y and so on (with annoyance); things like X and Y
- 170〜といい〜といいboth X and Y (are …); in terms of X and Y alike
- 171〜ままにjust as …; at the mercy of …; following (one's heart, feet, orders)
- 172〜てはかなわない / 〜ちゃかなわないcannot stand …; it is unbearable if …; I can't take …
- 173〜ではあるまいか / 〜のではあるまいかmight it not be that …?; I suspect …; is it not the case that …?
- 174〜ぐるみthe whole …; involving all of …; together with the entire …
- 175〜てもともとだ / 〜でもともとだnothing to lose even if …; even if it fails, no worse off
- 176〜てもはじまらないit is no use …ing; … will get you nowhere; there is no point in …
- 177〜はどう(で)あれwhatever … may be; regardless of …
- 178〜てのことだ / 〜あってのことだit is because of …; it was done out of …; it is thanks to …