〜を踏まえて / 〜を踏まえ
o fumaete / o fumae
By Nihongo PathUpdated
Meaning
based on …; taking … into account
〜を踏まえて means "standing on X as a basis": 前回の反省を踏まえて (taking last time's lessons into account), 調査結果を踏まえ (based on the survey results). 踏まえる = to stand firmly on. It implies that facts, results or experience were properly considered before a judgement or plan.
Business, academic and official writing and formal speech: reports, proposals, policy statements. Typical nouns: 結果・反省・現状・経験・意見・議論・事実. In casual speech, 〜をもとに or 〜を考えて are used.
Formation
V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.
N + を踏まえて、VN + を踏まえ、V (formal continuative)N + を踏まえた + NN + を踏まえた上で、V (after taking into account)
Visual diagram
| Aspect | What is used | Nuance | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| 〜を踏まえて | facts, results, experience | considered as a basis for judgement | 議論を踏まえて決定する |
| 〜に基づいて | data, rules, evidence | built directly on | 法律に基づいて処理する |
| 〜に即して | reality, rules | fit exactly to | 現状に即した計画 |
Natural examples
前回の反省を踏まえて、今回は計画を練り直した。
ぜんかいのはんせいをふまえて、こんかいはけいかくをねりなおした。
Taking the lessons of last time into account, we reworked the plan this time.
Lessons from last time as the basis for reworking the plan.
アンケートの結果を踏まえ、サービスを改善します。
アンケートのけっかをふまえ、サービスをかいぜんします。
Based on the survey results, we will improve our service.
Formal continuative を踏まえ: survey results as the basis.
現状を踏まえた上で、今後の方針を決めたい。
げんじょうをふまえたうえで、こんごのほうしんをきめたい。
I would like to decide future policy after taking the current situation into account.
を踏まえた上で: after taking the situation into account.
専門家の意見を踏まえて、新しい安全基準が作られた。
せんもんかのいけんをふまえて、あたらしいあんぜんきじゅんがつくられた。
New safety standards were drawn up taking experts' opinions into account.
意見 as the basis.
過去の失敗を踏まえた対策が求められている。
かこのしっぱいをふまえたたいさくがもとめられている。
Measures that take past failures into account are called for.
Adnominal を踏まえた + N.
Similar grammar and the difference
"Based on" data or rules as a foundation; を踏まえて stresses consideration before judging. Compare side by side
"In line with" reality or rules; the result matches X closely. Compare side by side
"Using X as material" (a story based on a true event); more about source material than judgement. Compare side by side
Common mistakes
- ✗
- 結果を踏まえて、何も変えなかった。
- ✓
- 結果を踏まえて、計画を見直した。
- Why
- The main clause should be a judgement or action that reflects X.
- ✗
- 彼を踏まえて決めた。
- ✓
- 彼の意見を踏まえて決めた。
- Why
- The noun must be facts, results or opinions, not a person.
- ✗
- 踏まえて上で
- ✓
- 踏まえた上で
- Why
- The set phrase is 踏まえた上で.
を踏まえた上で is very common in formal proposals. It signals due diligence: the speaker did their homework before deciding. Reading: ふまえて.
JLPT N1 tips
On the exam
- Facts / results + blank + a decision or plan → を踏まえて.
- Distractors: に基づいて, に即して, をもとに. Choose を踏まえて for "taking into consideration before judging".
- Before a noun use を踏まえた; before 上で use 踏まえた上で.
Frequently asked questions
What does 〜を踏まえて / 〜を踏まえ mean?
based on …; taking … into account. 〜を踏まえて means "standing on X as a basis": 前回の反省を踏まえて (taking last time's lessons into account), 調査結果を踏まえ (based on the survey results). 踏まえる = to stand firmly on. It implies that facts, results or experience were properly considered before a judgement or plan.
How do you form 〜を踏まえて / 〜を踏まえ?
N + を踏まえて、V / N + を踏まえ、V (formal continuative) / N + を踏まえた + N / N + を踏まえた上で、V (after taking into account). V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.
When is 〜を踏まえて / 〜を踏まえ used?
Business, academic and official writing and formal speech: reports, proposals, policy statements. Typical nouns: 結果・反省・現状・経験・意見・議論・事実. In casual speech, 〜をもとに or 〜を考えて are used.
What is the difference between 〜を踏まえて / 〜を踏まえ and 〜に基づいて / 〜に基づく?
"Based on" data or rules as a foundation; を踏まえて stresses consideration before judging.
What is the difference between 〜を踏まえて / 〜を踏まえ and 〜に即して / 〜に即した?
"In line with" reality or rules; the result matches X closely.
What is a common mistake with 〜を踏まえて / 〜を踏まえ?
Wrong: 結果を踏まえて、何も変えなかった。 Right: 結果を踏まえて、計画を見直した。 The main clause should be a judgement or action that reflects X.
Quick check
前回の会議での議論（ ）、今回は具体的な提案をまとめた。