〜ずとも
zutomo
By Nihongo PathUpdated
Meaning
even without …ing; even if one does not …; there is no need to …
〜ずとも is a classical, written way of saying 〜なくても ("even if not"). ず is the old negative, とも is the old "even if". The sentence says: X is not necessary, and the result still holds. Set phrases like 言わずとも ("without needing to say") make it sound elegant and a little proverbial.
Written and formal spoken Japanese: essays, speeches, literature, and set expressions. In everyday conversation use 〜なくても. Common with 言う・見る・聞く・行く・急ぐ・知る (言わずとも知れたこと = "it goes without saying").
Formation
V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.
Vない-stem + ずとも (行かずとも・言わずとも)する → せずとも来る → 来(こ)ずともOften followed by わかる・伝わる・済む・十分だ・構わない
Visual diagram
- Step 1言わなくても、気持ちは伝わるmodern: even without saying it, the feeling comes across
- Step 2言わずとも、気持ちは伝わるclassical ず (not) + とも (even if): same meaning, formal and literary
- Step 3言わずとも知れたことだset phrase: it goes without saying
Natural examples
言わずとも、気持ちは伝わっている。
いわずとも、きもちはつたわっている。
Even without saying it, your feelings come across.
言わずとも is the most common set phrase; the feeling is understood without words.
わざわざ行かずとも、電話で済む用事だ。
わざわざいかずとも、でんわですむようじだ。
It is a matter that can be handled by phone, without going in person.
わざわざ ("going out of one's way") pairs well with ずとも: no need to go in person.
急がずとも、まだ時間は十分にある。
いそがずとも、まだじかんはじゅうぶんにある。
There is no need to hurry; there is still plenty of time.
The main clause gives the reason the action is unnecessary (there is plenty of time).
説明を読まずとも、使い方は見ればわかる。
せつめいをよまずとも、つかいかたはみればわかる。
Even without reading the instructions, you can tell how to use it just by looking.
The main clause often contains わかる.
彼が優秀なことは、今さら言わずとも知れたことだ。
かれがゆうしゅうなことは、いまさらいわずともしれたことだ。
That he is talented goes without saying at this point.
言わずとも知れた + こと is a fixed idiom.
Similar grammar and the difference
Classical "without doing X" describing how something happened (戦わずして勝つ). ずとも is "even if not", a concession that X is unnecessary. Compare side by side
"There is no need to" as a judgment about the action itself. ずとも says the result holds even without the action. Compare side by side
Modern "even if"; works with both positive and negative verbs. ずとも is only negative and only literary. Compare side by side
Common mistakes
- ✗
- 行かないずとも、電話で済む。
- ✓
- 行かずとも、電話で済む。
- Why
- ず replaces ない; do not stack them. Attach ず to the ない-stem: 行か + ず.
- ✗
- 勉強しずとも、合格できる。
- ✓
- 勉強せずとも、合格できる。
- Why
- する becomes せず, not しず.
- ✗
- 友達に「急がずとも大丈夫だよ」とメールした。
- ✓
- 友達に「急がなくても大丈夫だよ」とメールした。
- Why
- ずとも is literary. In a casual message to a friend it sounds stiff and unnatural; use なくても.
The idiom 言わずとも知れたこと / 言わずもがな means "needless to say". ずとも often follows adverbs that stress the lack of necessity: わざわざ・改めて・今さら. Because it comes from classical Japanese, it appears in proverbs and in polished essay prose; use it sparingly in your own writing.
JLPT N1 tips
On the exam
- In 文法形式の判断, a negative-stem verb followed by とも and a main clause meaning "it is fine / it is understood" is ずとも. Check that the stem is the ない-stem (行か・言わ・せ).
- Distinguish ずとも (even if not) from ずして (without doing). If the main clause says the result still holds, choose ずとも.
- In 並べ替え, ずとも is usually one chunk attached to its verb stem; find the verb in ない-stem form first.
Frequently asked questions
What does 〜ずとも mean?
even without …ing; even if one does not …; there is no need to …. 〜ずとも is a classical, written way of saying 〜なくても ("even if not"). ず is the old negative, とも is the old "even if". The sentence says: X is not necessary, and the result still holds. Set phrases like 言わずとも ("without needing to say") make it sound elegant and a little proverbial.
How do you form 〜ずとも?
Vない-stem + ずとも (行かずとも・言わずとも) / する → せずとも / 来る → 来(こ)ずとも / Often followed by わかる・伝わる・済む・十分だ・構わない. V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.
When is 〜ずとも used?
Written and formal spoken Japanese: essays, speeches, literature, and set expressions. In everyday conversation use 〜なくても. Common with 言う・見る・聞く・行く・急ぐ・知る (言わずとも知れたこと = "it goes without saying").
What is the difference between 〜ずとも and 〜ずして?
Classical "without doing X" describing how something happened (戦わずして勝つ). ずとも is "even if not", a concession that X is unnecessary.
What is the difference between 〜ずとも and 〜までもない?
"There is no need to" as a judgment about the action itself. ずとも says the result holds even without the action.
What is a common mistake with 〜ずとも?
Wrong: 行かないずとも、電話で済む。 Right: 行かずとも、電話で済む。 ず replaces ない; do not stack them. Attach ず to the ない-stem: 行か + ず.
Quick check
実物を( )、写真を見れば良さがわかる。