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Lesson 72 of 171

〜はおろか

wa oroka

By Nihongo PathUpdated

Meaning

let alone …; not to mention …

〜はおろか takes something big (X) and says "X is out of the question; even the much smaller Y is not possible": 漢字はおろか、ひらがなも読めない (cannot read even hiragana, let alone kanji). The second half has も・さえ・すら plus a negative or a negative-feeling predicate. The tone is emotional: surprise, complaint or pity.

Both speech and writing, moderately formal. Used when the speaker wants to dramatise how bad or how limited a situation is. Not used for neutral facts; there is always a sense of "it's that bad".

Formation

V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.

  • N + はおろか、N + も / さえ / すら + negative
  • N + はおろか、N + も + negative-feeling predicate (ない・できない・時間がない)
  • The first noun is the harder or bigger item

Visual diagram

Order of difficulty in はおろか
  1. 漢字 (hard)

    はおろか: obviously impossible, not even worth discussing

  2. ひらがな (easy)

    も読めない: even this easy thing is impossible

Natural examples

  1. 漢字はおろか、ひらがなも読めない。

    かんじはおろか、ひらがなもよめない。

    He cannot read even hiragana, let alone kanji.

    Hard item (漢字) first, easy item (ひらがな) second, negative at the end.

  2. 彼は海外はおろか、隣の県にさえ行ったことがない。

    かれはかいがいはおろか、となりのけんにさえいったことがない。

    He has never even been to the next prefecture, let alone abroad.

    Big item (going abroad) → small item (the next prefecture) + さえ + negative.

  3. 忙しくて、旅行はおろか、休日に外出する時間もない。

    いそがしくて、りょこうはおろか、きゅうじつにがいしゅつするじかんもない。

    I am so busy that I have no time to go out on holidays, let alone travel.

    The negative can be 時間もない: no time even for going out.

  4. 熱が高くて、食事はおろか、水を飲むことさえできなかった。

    ねつがたかくて、しょくじはおろか、みずをのむことさえできなかった。

    With such a high fever, I could not even drink water, let alone eat.

    食事 (bigger) → 水 (smaller), with さえ.

  5. 彼は貯金はおろか、来月の家賃すら払えない状態だ。

    かれはちょきんはおろか、らいげつのやちんすらはらえないじょうたいだ。

    He is in a state where he cannot even pay next month's rent, let alone save money.

    すら is the most formal of the three particles.

Similar grammar and the difference

Common mistakes

  • ✗
    ひらがなはおろか、漢字も読めない。
    ✓
    漢字はおろか、ひらがなも読めない。
    Why
    The first item must be the harder one; otherwise the logic collapses.
  • ✗
    漢字はおろか、ひらがなが読める。
    ✓
    漢字はおろか、ひらがなも読めない。
    Why
    The second half needs も/さえ and a negative; an affirmative ending is impossible.
  • ✗
    彼は英語はおろか、フランス語も話せる。
    ✓
    彼は英語はもちろん、フランス語も話せる。
    Why
    For "X of course, and Y too" in a positive sense, use はもちろん.

Think of it as "never mind X, not even Y": the listener is meant to be surprised at how far the negative goes. The particle after the second noun ranges from も (neutral) to さえ・すら (stronger, more formal). The predicate can be a negative adjective phrase such as 余裕がない or 時間がない.

JLPT N1 tips

On the exam

  • Check the two items: if the first is bigger or harder and the ending is negative with も / さえ, はおろか is the answer.
  • Distractors: どころか, はもちろん, にとどまらず. Only はおろか requires the downward order plus negative.
  • In 並べ替え, place N + はおろか first, then N + さえ / も, then the negative verb.

Frequently asked questions

What does 〜はおろか mean?

let alone …; not to mention …. 〜はおろか takes something big (X) and says "X is out of the question; even the much smaller Y is not possible": 漢字はおろか、ひらがなも読めない (cannot read even hiragana, let alone kanji). The second half has も・さえ・すら plus a negative or a negative-feeling predicate. The tone is emotional: surprise, complaint or pity.

How do you form 〜はおろか?

N + はおろか、N + も / さえ / すら + negative / N + はおろか、N + も + negative-feeling predicate (ない・できない・時間がない) / The first noun is the harder or bigger item. V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.

When is 〜はおろか used?

Both speech and writing, moderately formal. Used when the speaker wants to dramatise how bad or how limited a situation is. Not used for neutral facts; there is always a sense of "it's that bad".

What is the difference between 〜はおろか and 〜どころか?

"Far from X, actually Y": corrects an expectation and can be positive or negative. はおろか always builds down to a negative.

What is the difference between 〜はおろか and 〜にとどまらず?

"Not limited to X but also Y": scope widens in a positive direction, the opposite of はおろか.

What is a common mistake with 〜はおろか?

Wrong: ひらがなはおろか、漢字も読めない。 Right: 漢字はおろか、ひらがなも読めない。 The first item must be the harder one; otherwise the logic collapses.

Quick check

1 / 5Multiple choiceDifficulty 4 of 5

引っ越したばかりで、近所の人の名前(  )、顔も知らない。