N2 grammar · 156
Lessons 1–10
- 1〜あげく(に)after (a long/difficult process), in the end ... (usually a bad result)
- 2〜あまり(に)because of too much ..., so ... that
- 4〜以来since (a point in time), ever since
- 5〜一方(で)on the other hand… / while… (two sides of the same thing)
- 6〜一方だkeeps on -ing, continues to (change in one direction)
- 7〜上(に)in addition to, on top of
- 8〜上で(a) after doing ... (then); (b) in terms of / for the purpose of ...
- 9〜上はnow that, since (formal)
- 11〜得る / 〜得ないcan / could possibly ...; cannot possibly ...
- 12〜おかげでthanks to (positive cause)
Lessons 11–20
- 13〜恐れがあるthere is a risk/fear that ...
- 14〜かいがある / 〜がいit was worth (doing); worth doing
- 15〜限りas long as; to the extent of
- 16〜限りではas far as (I know / can see / have heard)
- 17〜に限ってonly / of all ... (it happens); (someone) of all people would never ...
- 18〜に限らずnot only ..., but also (more broadly)
- 19〜限りだextremely (emotion); I feel utterly ...
- 20〜がたいhard to ..., can hardly ...
- 21〜がちだtend to, prone to (usually undesirable)
- 22〜かと思うと / 〜かと思ったらno sooner had ... than; just when I thought ...
Lessons 21–30
- 23〜か〜ないかのうちに"the moment ~", "barely had ~ when ~" — the second event happens before the first is even finished.
- 24〜かねる / 〜かねないかねる: cannot (politely, it's difficult to) / かねない: might well (do something bad)
- 25〜かねないmight well ..., could easily (something bad)
- 26〜かのようだas if, as though (but not really)
- 27〜からいうと / 〜からいえば / 〜からいってfrom the standpoint of, judging from
- 28〜からしてeven just ..., starting with ...; judging from
- 29〜からすると / 〜からすればfrom the perspective of; judging from
- 32〜から〜にかけてfrom ... through/to ... (spanning a range)
- 33〜から見ると / 〜から見れば / 〜から見てfrom the viewpoint of; judging from
- 34〜代わりにinstead of; in exchange for; while (compensating)
Lessons 31–40
- 35〜気味a touch of, slightly (tendency)
- 36〜きり(a) only; (b) ever since (and nothing more); (c) continuously
- 40〜くらいならrather than (do something undesirable), I'd sooner ...
- 43〜ことからfrom the fact that; because (the reason for a name/judgment)
- 44〜ことだからknowing (the person), surely ...
- 45〜ことなくwithout doing ... (once)
- 46〜ことに(は)to my (surprise / regret / delight), ...
- 49〜際(に)on the occasion of, when (formal)
- 50〜最中(に)right in the middle of
- 52〜ざるを得ないhave no choice but to… / cannot help but…
Lessons 41–50
- 54〜次第as soon as (formal)
- 55〜次第で(は) / 〜次第だdepending on; it depends on
- 56〜次第だ (explanation)that is how / the reason is that ... (explaining circumstances)
- 57〜末(に)after (a long process), finally
- 58〜ずにはいられないcannot help (doing), cannot stop oneself from
- 60〜だけ(に) / 〜だけあってprecisely because, as expected of
- 61〜だけでなくnot only ... but also
- 62〜だけのenough to, as much as; worth
- 63〜だけましだ"at least ~", "it could have been worse" — the situation is bad, but one good point saves it.
- 65〜たところwhen I did ..., (I found that)
Lessons 51–60
- 66〜たところで"even if one does ~, it's no use" — the action would not change the outcome.
- 67〜たとたん(に)the moment… / just as… (something unexpected happened)
- 68〜たびにevery time, whenever
- 72〜っこないthere's no way ..., can't possibly
- 73〜つつ / 〜つつもwhile (doing); although (knowing)
- 74〜つつあるis in the process of -ing, gradually
- 78〜てしょうがない / 〜てしかたがないextremely, unbearably; can't help
- 79〜てたまらないunbearably, dying to
- 80〜てならないcannot help feeling, extremely
- 82〜というと / 〜といえば / 〜といったらspeaking of; when you mention ...; as for (exclamatory)
Lessons 61–70
- 83〜というものだthat is exactly what ... is; (that's) simply ...
- 84〜というものではない / 〜というものでもないit's not that ... (necessarily)
- 86〜といってもalthough I say ..., (actually not that much)
- 87〜どころかfar from… / let alone… / not only not… but actually…
- 88〜どころではないthis is no time for ..., far from being able to
- 89〜ところに / 〜ところへ / 〜ところをjust when (someone) was ...; (caught) in the act of
- 91〜として(は) / 〜としてもas, in the capacity of; even as / even if
- 92〜とともにtogether with; as ... (change), at the same time as
- 93〜ないことにはunless ..., (nothing can happen)
- 94〜ないことはない / 〜ないこともないit's not that ... not; could (possibly)
Lessons 71–80
- 95〜ないではいられないcannot help but, can't stop oneself from
- 96〜ながら(も)"although ~", "despite being ~" — a concession, not simultaneous action.
- 97〜など / 〜なんか / 〜なんてsuch as, things like; (belittling) something like
- 98〜に当たって / 〜に当たりon the occasion of, at the time of (a major undertaking)
- 99〜において / 〜におけるin, at (place, time, field); regarding
- 100〜に応じてaccording to, in response to, depending on
- 101〜にかかわらず / 〜にかかわりなくregardless of, whether or not
- 102〜にもかかわらずdespite, in spite of, even though
- 103〜にかかわる"relates to ~", "affects ~" — where what follows is something vital (life, reputation, honour).
- 104〜にかけてはwhen it comes to (a skill or field), nobody beats…
Lessons 81–90
- 105〜に代わって / 〜に代わりin place of, on behalf of, replacing
- 110〜にこたえて / 〜にこたえるin response to (expectations, requests, demands)
- 111〜に際して / 〜に際しon the occasion of, at the time of (a special event)
- 112〜に先立って / 〜に先立ちprior to, in advance of, ahead of (a major event)
- 113〜にしたがって / 〜にしたがいas… (changes), …also changes / in accordance with… / following…
- 114〜にしたら / 〜にすれば / 〜にしてみればfrom the standpoint of (a person); if you were…
- 117〜にしろ / 〜にせよ / 〜にせよ〜にせよeven if; whether … or … (formal concession)
- 118〜に過ぎないnothing more than, merely, only
- 119〜に相違ないthere is no doubt that, must be (formal written certainty)
- 120〜に沿って / 〜に沿い / 〜に沿ったalong (a line); in line with (a policy, wishes, a plan)
Lessons 91–100
- 121〜に対して / 〜に対し / 〜に対するtoward… / to… (target of an action or attitude) / in contrast to…
- 123〜について vs 〜に関してabout… / concerning… (the topic of speaking, thinking, or investigating)
- 124〜につき(1) due to, because of (notices); (2) per, for each
- 125〜につけ / 〜につけて(も) / 〜につけ〜につけwhenever (a feeling arises); whether … or …
- 127〜にとって / 〜にとっては / 〜にとってもfor… / from the standpoint of… (followed by an evaluation)
- 128〜に伴って / 〜に伴い / 〜に伴うalong with, accompanying, as a result of (a change)
- 129〜に反して / 〜に反し / 〜に反するcontrary to, against (expectations, wishes, rules)
- 130〜にほかならないis nothing other than… / is precisely…
- 131〜に基づいて / 〜に基づき / 〜に基づくbased on, on the basis of (data, rules, facts)
- 132〜によって / 〜により / 〜によるby… / because of… / depending on… / by means of…
Lessons 101–110
- 134〜にわたって / 〜にわたり / 〜にわたるover, throughout, spanning (a period, area, or range)
- 135〜抜きで / 〜抜きに / 〜抜きの / 〜は抜きにしてwithout, leaving out, minus
- 136〜抜くto do … through to the end; to do … thoroughly
- 137〜のみならずnot only … but also (formal)
- 138〜のもとで / 〜のもとにunder (guidance, influence, conditions)
- 140〜ばかりか / 〜ばかりでなくnot only… but also… (something even greater)
- 141〜ばかりにjust because, simply because (with a regrettable result)
- 142〜はともかく(として)setting aside, leaving aside, regardless of
- 143〜はもちろん / 〜はもとよりnot to mention, of course … and also
- 144〜反面 / 〜半面on the other side… / while (having a good side), it also has a bad side
Lessons 111–120
- 145〜べき / 〜べきだ / 〜べきではないshould, ought to (as a matter of principle or common sense)
- 146〜ほかない / 〜よりほかない / 〜ほかはないhave no choice but to
- 148〜ほど〜ない / 〜くらい〜はないnot as … as; nothing is as … as
- 149〜まい(1) probably not (negative conjecture); (2) will not, refuse to (negative volition)
- 150〜向きだ / 〜向けだ向き: suitable for (naturally); 向け: intended for, aimed at (deliberately)
- 152〜もかまわずwithout minding, regardless of, heedless of
- 154〜ものか / 〜もんかabsolutely not, as if I would … (strong emotional denial)
- 155〜ものがあるthere is something (moving, impressive, striking) about…
- 156〜ものだthat's the way it is / one should… / I used to… / how…!
- 157〜ものだから / 〜もので / 〜もんだからbecause (an apologetic or justifying reason)
Lessons 121–130
- 158〜ものならif one could (unlikely wish); if one dares to (dire consequence)
- 159〜もののalthough… / …but (the expected result didn't follow)
- 160〜やら〜やら… and … and so on (an unordered list, often overwhelming)
- 161〜ようがない / 〜ようもないthere is no way to, cannot possibly (no means exist)
- 162〜わけがない / 〜わけはないThere's no way that… / It's impossible that…
- 164〜わけではない / 〜わけでもないIt's not that… / It doesn't necessarily mean that…
- 165〜わけにはいかない / 〜ないわけにはいかないcan't very well… (for social or moral reasons) / have no choice but to…
- 166〜わりに(は)considering, for (result out of proportion to the standard)
- 167〜を〜として / 〜を〜とする / 〜を〜としたregard … as; with … as (role, purpose, target)
- 168〜をきっかけに / 〜をきっかけとして / 〜がきっかけでtaking … as an opportunity; triggered by; … led to
Lessons 131–140
- 169〜を契機に / 〜を契機としてwith … as a turning point, on the occasion of (formal)
- 170〜を込めてwith (a feeling) put into, filled with
- 171〜を中心に / 〜を中心として / 〜を中心とするcentering on, focusing on, mainly
- 172〜を通じて / 〜を通して(1) through, via (a means or intermediary); (2) throughout (a period)
- 173〜を問わずregardless of, irrespective of (formal)
- 174〜をはじめ / 〜をはじめとして / 〜をはじめとするstarting with, including (a representative example)
- 175〜をめぐって / 〜をめぐり / 〜をめぐるover, concerning (a contested or debated issue)
- 176〜をもとに / 〜をもとにして / 〜をもとにしたbased on, using … as material or a starting point
- 178〜てこそonly by doing, only when (a positive result follows)
- 180〜さえ / 〜でさえeven (an extreme example implying all others)
Lessons 141–150
- 181〜ようではないか / 〜ようじゃないかlet us …; shall we not … (formal proposal or appeal)
- 182〜ずじまい"ended up never doing ~" — a regret that something intended was never done.
- 183〜てはじめてonly after, not until (a realization follows)
- 184〜てまで / 〜までして"even going so far as to ~" — an extreme measure, usually one the speaker disapproves of.
- 186〜がる / 〜がっている / 〜たがるto show signs of (a feeling); to want to (third person)
- 188〜的-ic, -al, -like (turns a noun into a na-adjective)
- 189〜性-ness, -ity (abstract quality or property)
- 190〜化-ization, turn into (change into a state)
- 191〜風-style, in the manner of
- 192〜ぶり / 〜っぷり(1) manner, way of doing; (2) after (a long interval)
Lessons 151–156
- 193〜かけの / 〜かける / 〜かけだhalf-done, in the middle of; just started to
- 195〜ずに済む / 〜なくて済む / 〜ないで済むget by without having to; manage without
- 197〜ことは〜がit is true that …, but
- 198〜とかI hear that, they say (vague hearsay)
- 199〜かというと / 〜かといえばif you ask whether …, (not necessarily); as for why …
- 200〜ていてはif one keeps on (doing), (a bad result will follow)