〜ばかりか / 〜ばかりでなく
bakari ka
By Nihongo PathUpdated
Meaning
not only… but also… (something even greater)
〜ばかりか means "not only X, but also Y", where Y is more surprising or more serious than X. It piles up facts in the same direction: both good things, or both bad things. 〜ばかりでなく is the same idea in a slightly plainer, more neutral tone.
ばかりか is mainly written or formal spoken; ばかりでなく is used in both speech and writing. だけでなく is the everyday equivalent. Typical situations: praising someone's many skills, describing an escalating problem, or listing effects of a change.
Formation
V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.
Verb (plain form) + ばかりか / ばかりでなくい-adjective + ばかりかな-adjective + な / である + ばかりかNoun + ばかりか / ばかりでなくSecond clause: 〜も / 〜さえ / 〜まで + verb
Visual diagram
- 彼は英語X (the smaller, expected thing)
- ばかりかnot only X but…
- 中国語やロシア語もY (more impressive) + も
- 話せるpredicate shared by X and Y
Natural examples
彼は英語ばかりか、中国語やロシア語も話せる。
かれはえいごばかりか、ちゅうごくごやロシアごもはなせる。
He can speak not only English but also Chinese and Russian.
この地域は交通が不便なばかりか、店も少ない。
このちいきはこうつうがふべんなばかりか、みせもすくない。
Not only is transport inconvenient in this area, there are few shops too.
な-adjective + な + ばかりか.
彼は約束を守らなかったばかりか、謝りもしなかった。
かれはやくそくをまもらなかったばかりか、あやまりもしなかった。
Not only did he break his promise, he didn't even apologize.
Escalating bad behaviour.
この薬は効果がないばかりでなく、副作用もある。
このくすりはこうかがないばかりでなく、ふくさようもある。
This medicine is not only ineffective, it also has side effects.
彼女は仕事ができるばかりでなく、人柄もいい。
かのじょはしごとができるばかりでなく、ひとがらもいい。
She is not only good at her job but also has a lovely personality.
Similar grammar and the difference
Everyday equivalent, neutral. ばかりか sounds more written and emphasizes the surprising second item. Compare side by side
Formal, written "not only". Even stiffer than ばかりか. Compare side by side
Reverses the first item ("far from X"). ばかりか keeps X true and adds Y. Compare side by side
"X goes without saying, and also Y": X is obvious, Y is added. Compare side by side
Common mistakes
- ✗
- 彼は英語ばかりか、日本語は話せない。
- ✓
- 彼は英語ばかりか、日本語も話せる。/彼は英語どころか、日本語も話せない。
- Why
- ばかりか needs both clauses pointing the same way. To deny both, use どころか.
- ✗
- 親切ばかりか、頭もいい。
- ✓
- 親切なばかりか、頭もいい。
- Why
- 親切 is a な-adjective and needs な before ばかりか.
- ✗
- 彼は歌がうまいばかりか、踊ってください。
- ✓
- 彼は歌がうまいばかりか、ダンスも上手だ。
- Why
- The second clause must be a statement, not a request or command.
The second clause almost always has も, さえ, or まで to mark the added item. ばかりか is often used for negative escalation (broke a promise + didn't apologize); ばかりでなく is more neutral. In casual speech, だけじゃなくて replaces both.
JLPT N2 tips
On the exam
- In 文法形式の判断, if the second clause adds a bigger item of the same kind (〜も / 〜まで), choose ばかりか. If it reverses the first, choose どころか.
- Distractors: どころか, ばかりに, ばかりだ, ばかりで. Only ばかりか / ばかりでなく mean "not only".
- In 並べ替え, place X + ばかりか first and the も-phrase after it.
Frequently asked questions
What does 〜ばかりか / 〜ばかりでなく mean?
not only… but also… (something even greater). 〜ばかりか means "not only X, but also Y", where Y is more surprising or more serious than X. It piles up facts in the same direction: both good things, or both bad things. 〜ばかりでなく is the same idea in a slightly plainer, more neutral tone.
How do you form 〜ばかりか / 〜ばかりでなく?
Verb (plain form) + ばかりか / ばかりでなく / い-adjective + ばかりか / な-adjective + な / である + ばかりか / Noun + ばかりか / ばかりでなく / Second clause: 〜も / 〜さえ / 〜まで + verb. V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.
When is 〜ばかりか / 〜ばかりでなく used?
ばかりか is mainly written or formal spoken; ばかりでなく is used in both speech and writing. だけでなく is the everyday equivalent. Typical situations: praising someone's many skills, describing an escalating problem, or listing effects of a change.
What is the difference between 〜ばかりか / 〜ばかりでなく and 〜だけでなく?
Everyday equivalent, neutral. ばかりか sounds more written and emphasizes the surprising second item.
What is the difference between 〜ばかりか / 〜ばかりでなく and 〜のみならず?
Formal, written "not only". Even stiffer than ばかりか.
What is a common mistake with 〜ばかりか / 〜ばかりでなく?
Wrong: 彼は英語ばかりか、日本語は話せない。 Right: 彼は英語ばかりか、日本語も話せる。/彼は英語どころか、日本語も話せない。 ばかりか needs both clauses pointing the same way. To deny both, use どころか.
Quick check
彼は仕事を手伝ってくれた( )、食事までごちそうしてくれた。