〜一方(で) / 〜いっぽう(で)
ippou (de)
By Nihongo PathUpdated
This form is also taught at JLPT N2, where it carries a different sense or register.
Meaning
on one hand… / while… (two contrasting or parallel sides)
〜一方(で) links two facts that stand side by side: "A is true, and at the same time B is true". Often A and B pull in different directions (sociable vs shy), but they can also just be two parallel things one person does (works by day, studies at night).
Common in essays, news and formal speech when describing two sides of a situation, a person or a trend. It can also start a new sentence: 一方、〜 ("meanwhile / on the other hand"). Less common in casual chat, where people say 〜けど or 〜が.
Formation
V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.
Verb (plain form) + 一方(で)い-adjective + 一方(で)な-adjective + な / である + 一方(で)Noun + である + 一方(で)Sentence-initial: 一方、〜
Visual diagram
- 兄は社交的なside A
- 一方でconnector
- 弟は内気だside B (contrast)
Natural examples
兄は社交的な一方で、弟は内気だ。
あにはしゃこうてきないっぽうで、おとうとはうちきだ。
While my older brother is sociable, my younger brother is shy.
な-adjective + な + 一方で. Two different subjects are contrasted.
彼は会社で働く一方、夜は大学で勉強している。
かれはかいしゃではたらくいっぽう、よるはだいがくでべんきょうしている。
He works at a company, while at night he studies at university.
Same subject, two parallel activities. で can be dropped.
都市の人口が増える一方で、地方は減っている。
としのじんこうがふえるいっぽうで、ちほうはへっている。
While urban populations grow, rural ones are shrinking.
A trend and its opposite side by side.
この薬はよく効く一方で、副作用も強い。
このくすりはよくきくいっぽうで、ふくさようもつよい。
This medicine works well, but on the other hand its side effects are strong.
Plus and minus of the same thing.
輸出は好調だ。一方、国内の売り上げは伸びていない。
ゆしゅつはこうちょうだ。いっぽう、こくないのうりあげはのびていない。
Exports are strong. Meanwhile, domestic sales are not growing.
Sentence-initial 一方、 introduces the other side.
Similar grammar and the difference
Also 'on the other hand', but the two sides must belong to the same thing and be clearly plus/minus. 一方で is broader and can contrast different subjects. Compare side by side
Completely different meaning: 'keeps on …ing' (one-directional change). Attaches only to verbs of change. Compare side by side
'In contrast to' — sharper contrast between two subjects, often with numbers or facts. Compare side by side
Common mistakes
- ✗
- 都市の人口は増える一方で。
- ✓
- 都市の人口は増える一方だ。
- Why
- If you mean 'keeps on increasing' you need 一方だ. 一方で must be followed by a second clause.
- ✗
- 彼は社交的一方で、弟は内気だ。
- ✓
- 彼は社交的な一方で、弟は内気だ。
- Why
- な-adjectives need な (or である) before 一方.
- ✗
- 私は学生の一方で、働いている。
- ✓
- 私は学生である一方で、働いている。
- Why
- Nouns take である, not の, before 一方で.
一方で often appears in analytical writing: 〜が増える一方で、〜は減っている. The two clauses do not have to be opposites; they can simply be two things happening in parallel. Sentence-initial 一方、 is followed by a comma and starts a fresh contrast, much like 'Meanwhile'.
JLPT N3 tips
On the exam
- If the blank is followed by a full second clause with a different subject or a contrasting fact, 一方で fits; if the sentence ends right after the blank, it is 一方だ.
- 反面 vs 一方で: check whether both halves describe the same thing (反面) or different things (一方で).
- In 並べ替え, 一方で normally comes right after な / である / a plain verb, never after a noun alone.
Frequently asked questions
What does 〜一方(で) / 〜いっぽう(で) mean?
on one hand… / while… (two contrasting or parallel sides). 〜一方(で) links two facts that stand side by side: "A is true, and at the same time B is true". Often A and B pull in different directions (sociable vs shy), but they can also just be two parallel things one person does (works by day, studies at night).
How do you form 〜一方(で) / 〜いっぽう(で)?
Verb (plain form) + 一方(で) / い-adjective + 一方(で) / な-adjective + な / である + 一方(で) / Noun + である + 一方(で) / Sentence-initial: 一方、〜. V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.
When is 〜一方(で) / 〜いっぽう(で) used?
Common in essays, news and formal speech when describing two sides of a situation, a person or a trend. It can also start a new sentence: 一方、〜 ("meanwhile / on the other hand"). Less common in casual chat, where people say 〜けど or 〜が.
What is the difference between 〜一方(で) / 〜いっぽう(で) and 〜反面?
Also 'on the other hand', but the two sides must belong to the same thing and be clearly plus/minus. 一方で is broader and can contrast different subjects.
What is the difference between 〜一方(で) / 〜いっぽう(で) and 〜一方だ?
Completely different meaning: 'keeps on …ing' (one-directional change). Attaches only to verbs of change.
What is a common mistake with 〜一方(で) / 〜いっぽう(で)?
Wrong: 都市の人口は増える一方で。 Right: 都市の人口は増える一方だ。 If you mean 'keeps on increasing' you need 一方だ. 一方で must be followed by a second clause.
Quick check
父は仕事に厳しい( )、家では優しい人だ。