Dictionary form (plain non-past)
dictionary form
By Nihongo PathUpdated
Meaning
The basic form found in dictionaries; the plain/casual present-future.
The dictionary form is the plain, basic shape of a verb: 行く, 食べる, する. It means the same as ます ("go / will go") but is casual. It is called the dictionary form because that is how verbs appear in dictionaries. You need it for casual talk and, more importantly, because many grammar patterns must be built on it: ことができる, つもり, 前に, と思う.
Casual speech with friends and family; before ことができる, つもり, 前に, と思う, でしょう; and before a noun to describe it (読む本 "a book to read").
Formation
V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.
Reverse of ます: Group 1: い-sound → う-sound (書きます→書く); Group 2: ます→る (食べます→食べる); Group 3: します→する, きます→来る.
Visual diagram
食べます
ます-form → dictionary form
- + Group 2: ます → る食べるeat (plain)
- + Group 1: 書きます → く書くwrite (plain)
- + Group 3: します → するするdo (plain)
- + Group 3: きます → 来る来るcome (plain)
Natural examples
明日、東京へ行く。
あした、とうきょうへ いく。
I'm going to Tokyo tomorrow.
Casual future: same meaning as 行きます.
毎晩十一時に寝る。
まいばん じゅういちじに ねる。
I go to bed at eleven every night.
Casual habit: 寝る = 寝ます.
日本語を話すことができます。
にほんごを はなすことが できます。
I can speak Japanese.
Dictionary form is required before ことができる, even in a polite sentence.
寝る前に本を読みます。
ねる まえに ほんを よみます。
I read a book before going to bed.
前に always takes the dictionary form.
来年、日本へ行くつもりです。
らいねん、にほんへ いく つもりです。
I plan to go to Japan next year.
つもり follows the dictionary form.
Similar grammar and the difference
Polite version of the same tense. Compare side by side
The plain negative. Compare side by side
One of the main patterns that require the dictionary form. Compare side by side
Common mistakes
- ✗
- 日本語を話しますことができます。
- ✓
- 日本語を話すことができます。
- Why
- Before こと the verb must be in dictionary form, never ます.
- ✗
- 食べまする
- ✓
- 食べる
- Why
- Replace ます with る for Group 2; do not add る after ます.
- ✗
- 帰ります → 帰える
- ✓
- 帰る
- Why
- 帰ります is Group 1: り → る gives 帰る.
Required before ことができる, つもり, まえに, と思う, でしょう, んです, and before nouns (relative clauses: 読む本 "the book I read").
JLPT N5 tips
On the exam
- When the blank is right before こと, つもり, 前に or と思います, choose the dictionary form option.
- Distractors mix stems (行きる, 食べう). Rebuild from the ます-form: Group 1 い-sound → う-sound; Group 2 ます → る.
Frequently asked questions
What does Dictionary form (plain non-past) mean?
The basic form found in dictionaries; the plain/casual present-future. The dictionary form is the plain, basic shape of a verb: 行く, 食べる, する. It means the same as ます ("go / will go") but is casual. It is called the dictionary form because that is how verbs appear in dictionaries. You need it for casual talk and, more importantly, because many grammar patterns must be built on it: ことができる, つもり, 前に, と思う.
How do you form Dictionary form (plain non-past)?
Reverse of ます: Group 1: い-sound → う-sound (書きます→書く); Group 2: ます→る (食べます→食べる); Group 3: します→する, きます→来る.. V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.
When is Dictionary form (plain non-past) used?
Casual speech with friends and family; before ことができる, つもり, 前に, と思う, でしょう; and before a noun to describe it (読む本 "a book to read").
What is the difference between Dictionary form (plain non-past) and ます?
Polite version of the same tense.
What is the difference between Dictionary form (plain non-past) and ない-form?
The plain negative.
What is a common mistake with Dictionary form (plain non-past)?
Wrong: 日本語を話しますことができます。 Right: 日本語を話すことができます。 Before こと the verb must be in dictionary form, never ます.
Quick check
What goes in ( )? 私は 漢字を( )ことが できます。