〜かける
kakeru
By Nihongo PathUpdated
Meaning
start to… (but not finish) / be about to… / halfway through…
Verb stem + かける means an action has begun but is not complete. 読みかけの本 is "a half-read book", 言いかけてやめた is "started to say something and stopped", 死にかけた is "nearly died" (was on the verge). Think of an action caught in the middle.
Everyday description of unfinished things (食べかけ, 飲みかけ), narratives (言いかけて), and near misses (倒れかける). A separate meaning, 'directed at someone' (話しかける, 呼びかける), uses the same form but is a different idea.
Formation
V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.
Verb ます-stem + かける / かけた (start, be about to)Verb ます-stem + かけの + Noun (half-done: 読みかけの本)Verb ます-stem + かけだ (is half-done)Verb ます-stem + かけて、〜 (started to… and then…)
Visual diagram
読む前
Not started.
読みかけ
Started, stopped in the middle (かける).
読んでいる
In progress right now.
読み終わった / 読み切った
Finished.
読む前
Not started.
読みかけ
Started, stopped in the middle (かける).
読んでいる
In progress right now.
読み終わった / 読み切った
Finished.
Natural examples
読みかけの本が机の上にある。
よみかけのほんがつくえのうえにある。
There's a half-read book on the desk.
かけの + noun: half-read.
何か言いかけて、やめた。
なにかいいかけて、やめた。
He started to say something, then stopped.
言いかけて = began to speak, then stopped.
彼は死にかけたが、助かった。
かれはしにかけたが、たすかった。
He nearly died, but was saved.
死にかける = come close to dying (about to).
机の上に飲みかけのコーヒーが置いてあった。
つくえのうえにのみかけのコーヒーがおいてあった。
A half-drunk cup of coffee was sitting on the desk.
飲みかけの = partly drunk.
この魚は腐りかけているから、食べないほうがいい。
このさかなはくさりかけているから、たべないほうがいい。
This fish is starting to go bad, so you'd better not eat it.
かけている = the change has begun.
Similar grammar and the difference
〜始める
Simply 'start doing', with no implication that it stopped. 読み始めた = started reading (and may still be reading).
'Almost happened' about a whole event (乗り遅れるところだった). かける is about an action that has physically begun. Compare side by side
'On the way / in the middle of', a time expression rather than a verb form. Compare side by side
Common mistakes
- ✗
- 読むかけの本
- ✓
- 読みかけの本
- Why
- かける attaches to the ます-stem.
- ✗
- 私は本を読みかけた。(meaning 'I started reading and am still reading')
- ✓
- 私は本を読み始めた。
- Why
- 読みかけた implies the reading was interrupted; for a normal start use 始める.
- ✗
- 先生に話しかけの学生
- ✓
- 先生に話しかけている学生
- Why
- 話しかける ('address someone') is a fixed verb with the 'directed at' meaning and does not form 〜かけの.
Nouns: 食べかけ, 飲みかけ, 書きかけ, やりかけ are used on their own (やりかけの仕事 'unfinished work'). With change verbs (死ぬ, 消える, 腐る, 忘れる), かける means 'on the verge of'. The 'directed at' verbs (話しかける, 呼びかける, 働きかける, 笑いかける) are best memorised as vocabulary.
JLPT N3 tips
On the exam
- A noun after the blank plus の (読みかけの本) points to かけ.
- If the sentence continues with やめた / 思い直した, it is 〜かけて (began, then stopped).
- Watch for 忘れかけていた 'had almost forgotten': a common 読解 phrase.
Frequently asked questions
What does 〜かける mean?
start to… (but not finish) / be about to… / halfway through…. Verb stem + かける means an action has begun but is not complete. 読みかけの本 is "a half-read book", 言いかけてやめた is "started to say something and stopped", 死にかけた is "nearly died" (was on the verge). Think of an action caught in the middle.
How do you form 〜かける?
Verb ます-stem + かける / かけた (start, be about to) / Verb ます-stem + かけの + Noun (half-done: 読みかけの本) / Verb ます-stem + かけだ (is half-done) / Verb ます-stem + かけて、〜 (started to… and then…). V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.
When is 〜かける used?
Everyday description of unfinished things (食べかけ, 飲みかけ), narratives (言いかけて), and near misses (倒れかける). A separate meaning, 'directed at someone' (話しかける, 呼びかける), uses the same form but is a different idea.
What is the difference between 〜かける and 〜始める?
Simply 'start doing', with no implication that it stopped. 読み始めた = started reading (and may still be reading).
What is the difference between 〜かける and 〜ところだった?
'Almost happened' about a whole event (乗り遅れるところだった). かける is about an action that has physically begun.
What is a common mistake with 〜かける?
Wrong: 読むかけの本 Right: 読みかけの本 かける attaches to the ます-stem.
Quick check
テーブルの上に( )のケーキがある。