〜はずだ "should be / is supposed to"
hazu da / hazu ga nai
By Nihongo PathUpdated
Meaning
Strong expectation based on logic or evidence: "it must be / it should be".
〜はずだ means "should be / must be": you are quite sure because you have a reason. 田中さんはもう着いているはずです = "Tanaka should have arrived by now" (you know when his train left). はず is a noun meaning "expectation", so it attaches like a noun: verb plain form + はず, い-adjective + はず, な-adjective + なはず, noun + のはず. The negative 〜はずがない is stronger: "there is no way that…".
Used at every politeness level when you reason from facts: timetables, plans, what you know about a person. It is not a guess but a confident conclusion. It is also used when reality did not match: 〜はずだった (was supposed to, but…) and 〜はずなのに (it should be, and yet…).
Formation
V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.
V-plain + はずだ: 来るはずだ, 来たはずだ, 来ないはずだい-adjective + はずだ: 高いはずだな-adjective + なはずだ: 静かなはずだNoun + のはずだ: 三時からのはずだ〜ないはずだ = should not be; 〜はずがない = cannot possibly bePast: 〜はずだった (was supposed to)
Visual diagram
かもしれない
might: 50% or less, just a possibility
だろう / でしょう / と思う
probably: the speaker's guess
はずだ
should / must: a confident conclusion from facts
に違いない
definitely must be: near certainty (N3)
かもしれない
might: 50% or less, just a possibility
だろう / でしょう / と思う
probably: the speaker's guess
はずだ
should / must: a confident conclusion from facts
に違いない
definitely must be: near certainty (N3)
Natural examples
田中さんはもう着いているはずです。
たなかさんは もう ついているはずです。
Tanaka should have arrived by now.
Reasoning from a known schedule: he left long enough ago, so he must be there.
会議は三時からのはずだ。
かいぎは さんじからのはずだ。
The meeting is supposed to be from three.
Noun + の + はず: what the plan says.
彼がそんなことを言うはずがない。
かれが そんな ことを いうはずが ない。
There's no way he would say such a thing.
はずがない: the speaker rejects the idea completely.
この店は安いはずだよ。友達がそう言っていた。
このみせは やすいはずだよ。ともだちが そう いっていた。
This shop should be cheap. A friend told me so.
い-adjective + はず. The reason for the confidence is given in the next sentence.
今日は来るはずだったのに、彼は来なかった。
きょうは くるはずだったのに、かれは こなかった。
He was supposed to come today, but he didn't.
はずだった + のに: the expectation was not met.
Similar grammar and the difference
かもしれない is a weak "might". はずだ is a confident "should / must" based on evidence. Compare side by side
だろう is a guess ("probably") without a firm basis. はずだ needs a reason the speaker can point to. Compare side by side
〜べきだ (N3)
べきだ means "ought to" (duty or advice). はずだ is about expectation, not obligation.
Common mistakes
- ✗
- 会議は三時からはずだ。
- ✓
- 会議は三時からのはずだ。
- Why
- はず is a noun, so a noun phrase needs の before it.
- ✗
- 私は明日行くはずです。
- ✓
- 私は明日行くつもりです。
- Why
- はずだ is not used for your own intentions; use つもりだ or 予定だ.
- ✗
- 彼が来ないはずがない。(meaning "he shouldn't come")
- ✓
- 彼は来ないはずだ。
- Why
- 〜ないはずだ = should not; 〜はずがない = there is no way. Choose the one that matches your meaning.
The confidence in はずだ comes from something concrete: a timetable, a promise, a fact. Give that reason and the sentence sounds natural. はずがない is very strong and often used to defend someone: 彼がうそをつくはずがない (he would never lie). 〜はずなのに… and 〜はずだった… are the natural ways to say something went against the plan.
JLPT N4 tips
On the exam
- Look for a reason sentence nearby (もう出発した, 昨日買った, 先生だから). If the blank expresses a confident conclusion from that reason, はずだ fits; かもしれない would be too weak.
- Noun + はず questions test the の: 学生のはず / 三時のはず. Options like 学生はず or 学生だはず are wrong.
Frequently asked questions
What does 〜はずだ "should be / is supposed to" mean?
Strong expectation based on logic or evidence: "it must be / it should be". 〜はずだ means "should be / must be": you are quite sure because you have a reason. 田中さんはもう着いているはずです = "Tanaka should have arrived by now" (you know when his train left). はず is a noun meaning "expectation", so it attaches like a noun: verb plain form + はず, い-adjective + はず, な-adjective + なはず, noun + のはず. The negative 〜はずがない is stronger: "there is no way that…".
How do you form 〜はずだ "should be / is supposed to"?
V-plain + はずだ: 来るはずだ, 来たはずだ, 来ないはずだ / い-adjective + はずだ: 高いはずだ / な-adjective + なはずだ: 静かなはずだ / Noun + のはずだ: 三時からのはずだ / 〜ないはずだ = should not be; 〜はずがない = cannot possibly be / Past: 〜はずだった (was supposed to). V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.
When is 〜はずだ "should be / is supposed to" used?
Used at every politeness level when you reason from facts: timetables, plans, what you know about a person. It is not a guess but a confident conclusion. It is also used when reality did not match: 〜はずだった (was supposed to, but…) and 〜はずなのに (it should be, and yet…).
What is the difference between 〜はずだ "should be / is supposed to" and 〜かもしれない?
かもしれない is a weak "might". はずだ is a confident "should / must" based on evidence.
What is the difference between 〜はずだ "should be / is supposed to" and 〜だろう / でしょう?
だろう is a guess ("probably") without a firm basis. はずだ needs a reason the speaker can point to.
What is a common mistake with 〜はずだ "should be / is supposed to"?
Wrong: 会議は三時からはずだ。 Right: 会議は三時からのはずだ。 はず is a noun, so a noun phrase needs の before it.
Quick check
田中さんは日本に十年住んでいたから、日本語が( )。