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Lesson 38 of 110

〜はずだ "should be / is supposed to"

hazu da / hazu ga nai

By Nihongo PathUpdated

Meaning

Strong expectation based on logic or evidence: "it must be / it should be".

〜はずだ means "should be / must be": you are quite sure because you have a reason. 田中さんはもう着いているはずです = "Tanaka should have arrived by now" (you know when his train left). はず is a noun meaning "expectation", so it attaches like a noun: verb plain form + はず, い-adjective + はず, な-adjective + なはず, noun + のはず. The negative 〜はずがない is stronger: "there is no way that…".

Used at every politeness level when you reason from facts: timetables, plans, what you know about a person. It is not a guess but a confident conclusion. It is also used when reality did not match: 〜はずだった (was supposed to, but…) and 〜はずなのに (it should be, and yet…).

Formation

V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.

  • V-plain + はずだ: 来るはずだ, 来たはずだ, 来ないはずだ
  • い-adjective + はずだ: 高いはずだ
  • な-adjective + なはずだ: 静かなはずだ
  • Noun + のはずだ: 三時からのはずだ
  • 〜ないはずだ = should not be; 〜はずがない = cannot possibly be
  • Past: 〜はずだった (was supposed to)

Visual diagram

How sure is the speaker?
  1. かもしれない

    might: 50% or less, just a possibility

  2. だろう / でしょう / と思う

    probably: the speaker's guess

  3. はずだ

    should / must: a confident conclusion from facts

  4. に違いない

    definitely must be: near certainty (N3)

Natural examples

  1. 田中さんはもう着いているはずです。

    たなかさんは もう ついているはずです。

    Tanaka should have arrived by now.

    Reasoning from a known schedule: he left long enough ago, so he must be there.

  2. 会議は三時からのはずだ。

    かいぎは さんじからのはずだ。

    The meeting is supposed to be from three.

    Noun + の + はず: what the plan says.

  3. 彼がそんなことを言うはずがない。

    かれが そんな ことを いうはずが ない。

    There's no way he would say such a thing.

    はずがない: the speaker rejects the idea completely.

  4. この店は安いはずだよ。友達がそう言っていた。

    このみせは やすいはずだよ。ともだちが そう いっていた。

    This shop should be cheap. A friend told me so.

    い-adjective + はず. The reason for the confidence is given in the next sentence.

  5. 今日は来るはずだったのに、彼は来なかった。

    きょうは くるはずだったのに、かれは こなかった。

    He was supposed to come today, but he didn't.

    はずだった + のに: the expectation was not met.

Similar grammar and the difference

Common mistakes

  • ✗
    会議は三時からはずだ。
    ✓
    会議は三時からのはずだ。
    Why
    はず is a noun, so a noun phrase needs の before it.
  • ✗
    私は明日行くはずです。
    ✓
    私は明日行くつもりです。
    Why
    はずだ is not used for your own intentions; use つもりだ or 予定だ.
  • ✗
    彼が来ないはずがない。(meaning "he shouldn't come")
    ✓
    彼は来ないはずだ。
    Why
    〜ないはずだ = should not; 〜はずがない = there is no way. Choose the one that matches your meaning.

The confidence in はずだ comes from something concrete: a timetable, a promise, a fact. Give that reason and the sentence sounds natural. はずがない is very strong and often used to defend someone: 彼がうそをつくはずがない (he would never lie). 〜はずなのに… and 〜はずだった… are the natural ways to say something went against the plan.

JLPT N4 tips

On the exam

  • Look for a reason sentence nearby (もう出発した, 昨日買った, 先生だから). If the blank expresses a confident conclusion from that reason, はずだ fits; かもしれない would be too weak.
  • Noun + はず questions test the の: 学生のはず / 三時のはず. Options like 学生はず or 学生だはず are wrong.

Frequently asked questions

What does 〜はずだ "should be / is supposed to" mean?

Strong expectation based on logic or evidence: "it must be / it should be". 〜はずだ means "should be / must be": you are quite sure because you have a reason. 田中さんはもう着いているはずです = "Tanaka should have arrived by now" (you know when his train left). はず is a noun meaning "expectation", so it attaches like a noun: verb plain form + はず, い-adjective + はず, な-adjective + なはず, noun + のはず. The negative 〜はずがない is stronger: "there is no way that…".

How do you form 〜はずだ "should be / is supposed to"?

V-plain + はずだ: 来るはずだ, 来たはずだ, 来ないはずだ / い-adjective + はずだ: 高いはずだ / な-adjective + なはずだ: 静かなはずだ / Noun + のはずだ: 三時からのはずだ / 〜ないはずだ = should not be; 〜はずがない = cannot possibly be / Past: 〜はずだった (was supposed to). V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.

When is 〜はずだ "should be / is supposed to" used?

Used at every politeness level when you reason from facts: timetables, plans, what you know about a person. It is not a guess but a confident conclusion. It is also used when reality did not match: 〜はずだった (was supposed to, but…) and 〜はずなのに (it should be, and yet…).

What is the difference between 〜はずだ "should be / is supposed to" and 〜かもしれない?

かもしれない is a weak "might". はずだ is a confident "should / must" based on evidence.

What is the difference between 〜はずだ "should be / is supposed to" and 〜だろう / でしょう?

だろう is a guess ("probably") without a firm basis. はずだ needs a reason the speaker can point to.

What is a common mistake with 〜はずだ "should be / is supposed to"?

Wrong: 会議は三時からはずだ。 Right: 会議は三時からのはずだ。 はず is a noun, so a noun phrase needs の before it.

Quick check

1 / 5Multiple choiceDifficulty 2 of 5

田中さんは日本に十年住んでいたから、日本語が(  )。