あげる / くれる / もらう (giving and receiving objects)
ageru / kureru / morau
By Nihongo PathUpdated
Meaning
あげる = I/someone gives to another (outward); くれる = someone gives to me / my in-group (inward); もらう = receive.
Japanese has three verbs for giving and receiving, and the choice depends on direction. あげる = give (from me or someone to another person; the thing moves away from the speaker). くれる = give (to me or my family or group; the thing moves toward the speaker). もらう = receive. So 友達が私に本をくれた and 私は友達に本をもらった describe the same event from two sides. Each verb has polite and humble versions for talking to superiors.
Presents, favours, lending and borrowing in daily life; describing who gave what to whom. くれる is only for things that come to the speaker's side. Politeness: さしあげる (I give to a superior), くださる (a superior gives me), いただく (I receive from a superior).
Formation
V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.
A は B に N を あげる: I/someone give to another personB は (私に) N を くれる: someone gives to me / my group私は B に / B から N を もらう: I receive from someoneLevels: さしあげる / あげる / やる; くださる / くれる; いただく / もらう
Visual diagram
- 友達がgiver (subject)
- 私にreceiver (speaker's side)
- プレゼントをobject given
- くれましたgiving verb: toward the speaker
Natural examples
私は友達に本をあげました。
わたしは ともだちに ほんを あげました。
I gave my friend a book.
あげる: the speaker gives outward; receiver takes に.
友達が私にプレゼントをくれました。
ともだちが わたしに プレゼントを くれました。
My friend gave me a present.
くれる: the giver is the subject, the speaker receives.
私は先生に辞書をもらいました。
わたしは せんせいに じしょを もらいました。
I received a dictionary from my teacher.
もらう: the speaker is the subject and receives; the giver takes に (or から).
母の日に、母に花をあげました。
ははのひに、ははに はなを あげました。
I gave my mother flowers on Mother's Day.
あげる: giving from the speaker to someone else, even family.
先生が私にとてもいい辞書をくださいました。
せんせいが わたしに とても いい じしょを くださいました。
My teacher gave me a really good dictionary.
くださる is the respectful form of くれる, used because the giver is a teacher.
Similar grammar and the difference
The same directions apply to actions: てあげる = do for someone (outward). Compare side by side
てくれる = someone does something for me (inward). Compare side by side
てもらう = I have someone do something for me; the doer takes に. Compare side by side
Common mistakes
- ✗
- 先生は私にプレゼントをあげました。
- ✓
- 先生は私にプレゼントをくださいました。
- Why
- When the receiver is the speaker, the verb must be くれる / くださる, never あげる.
- ✗
- 私は友達がプレゼントをもらいました。
- ✓
- 私は友達にプレゼントをもらいました。
- Why
- With もらう the giver takes に or から, not が.
- ✗
- 私は先生に本をさしあげてもらいました。
- ✓
- 私は先生に本をいただきました。
- Why
- Receiving from a superior is いただく. Do not mix humble giving with receiving.
Family members count as the speaker's side: 隣の人が弟にお菓子をくれた is correct because the receiver (my younger brother) is closer to me than the giver. When unsure, keep the receiver as 私. やる is used for giving to pets, plants and much younger people: 犬にえさをやる. Some speakers use あげる here too. から instead of に is required when the giver is an organisation: 会社から記念品をもらった.
JLPT N4 tips
On the exam
- First find the receiver. If it is 私 or my family, the verb is くれる (giver が) or もらう (giver に). If the receiver is someone else and the giver is 私, use あげる.
- Check the particle on the person: X が … くれる vs X に … もらう. Questions often keep the verb and blank the particle, or keep the particle and blank the verb.
Frequently asked questions
What does あげる / くれる / もらう (giving and receiving objects) mean?
あげる = I/someone gives to another (outward); くれる = someone gives to me / my in-group (inward); もらう = receive. Japanese has three verbs for giving and receiving, and the choice depends on direction. あげる = give (from me or someone to another person; the thing moves away from the speaker). くれる = give (to me or my family or group; the thing moves toward the speaker). もらう = receive. So 友達が私に本をくれた and 私は友達に本をもらった describe the same event from two sides. Each verb has polite and humble versions for talking to superiors.
How do you form あげる / くれる / もらう (giving and receiving objects)?
A は B に N を あげる: I/someone give to another person / B は (私に) N を くれる: someone gives to me / my group / 私は B に / B から N を もらう: I receive from someone / Levels: さしあげる / あげる / やる; くださる / くれる; いただく / もらう. V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.
When is あげる / くれる / もらう (giving and receiving objects) used?
Presents, favours, lending and borrowing in daily life; describing who gave what to whom. くれる is only for things that come to the speaker's side. Politeness: さしあげる (I give to a superior), くださる (a superior gives me), いただく (I receive from a superior).
What is the difference between あげる / くれる / もらう (giving and receiving objects) and 〜てあげる?
The same directions apply to actions: てあげる = do for someone (outward).
What is the difference between あげる / くれる / もらう (giving and receiving objects) and 〜てくれる?
てくれる = someone does something for me (inward).
What is a common mistake with あげる / くれる / もらう (giving and receiving objects)?
Wrong: 先生は私にプレゼントをあげました。 Right: 先生は私にプレゼントをくださいました。 When the receiver is the speaker, the verb must be くれる / くださる, never あげる.
Quick check
誕生日に、友達が私にケーキを( )。