〜とか "things like / such as / or"
toka
By Nihongo PathUpdated
Meaning
Non-exhaustive listing in casual speech ("A and B and so on"). Also hedging a quote (〜とか言っていた).
とか lists examples without claiming the list is complete: 映画とか買い物とか = "movies, shopping and things like that". It is the spoken cousin of や〜など. Unlike や, it can follow verbs and adjectives, not only nouns (掃除するとか洗濯するとか). A second use is hedging a quote: 来ないとか言っていた = "he said something like he's not coming".
Casual conversation among friends, family and colleagues when you are giving a couple of examples of activities, places, foods or reasons. It also appears in relaxed polite speech (〜とか、〜とかがあります). In formal writing, use や〜など or 〜たり〜たりする instead.
Formation
V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.
N + とか + N + とか (+ particle): 映画とか買い物とかをV-plain + とか + V-plain + とか: 掃除するとか洗濯するとかA single とか as "or something like": 週末とか、暇なときHedged quote: plain sentence + とか言っていた
Visual diagram
| Aspect | Attaches to | Register | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| 〜とか〜とか | nouns, verbs, adjectives | casual / relaxed polite | 映画とか買い物とかをする |
| 〜や〜(など) | nouns only | neutral / written | 映画や買い物などをする |
| 〜たり〜たりする | verbs (た-form) | all registers | 映画を見たり買い物したりする |
| 〜と〜 | nouns only (complete list) | all registers | 映画と買い物をする (only these two) |
Natural examples
休みの日は映画とか買い物とかをします。
やすみの ひは えいがとか かいものとかを します。
On days off I do things like movies and shopping.
Two nouns with とか, then を: the particle follows the whole list.
東京とか大阪とか、大きい町が好きだ。
とうきょうとか おおさかとか、おおきい まちが すきだ。
I like big cities like Tokyo and Osaka.
とか before a general noun (大きい町): the examples come first, the category after.
週末は掃除するとか洗濯するとか、忙しい。
しゅうまつは そうじするとか せんたくするとか、いそがしい。
Weekends are busy with things like cleaning and laundry.
Verbs with とか: this is where とか wins over や, which cannot follow verbs.
朝ご飯はパンとか果物とか、軽いものを食べます。
あさごはんは パンとか くだものとか、かるいものを たべます。
For breakfast I eat light things, like bread or fruit.
Examples first, then the category (軽いもの) with its particle.
田中さん、今日は来られないとか言っていましたよ。
たなかさん、きょうは こられないとか いっていましたよ。
Tanaka was saying something about not being able to come today.
とか after a quote makes the report vague: "something like…".
Similar grammar and the difference
〜や〜など
The neutral, written way to list non-exhaustive examples. や only follows nouns and is preferred in essays and formal speech.
でも gives one example softly in a suggestion (お茶でも). とか gives several examples in a list. Compare side by side
〜たり〜たりする
Lists example actions with verbs in the た-form and is fine in polite and written Japanese. V-plain + とか does the same job only in casual speech.
Common mistakes
- ✗
- 週末は映画を見るや買い物をするや、忙しい。
- ✓
- 週末は映画を見るとか買い物をするとか、忙しい。
- Why
- や attaches only to nouns. To list verb phrases casually, use とか.
- ✗
- (in a formal report)調査した都市は東京とか大阪とかです。
- ✓
- 調査した都市は東京や大阪などです。
- Why
- とか is conversational. Written and formal contexts use や〜など.
- ✗
- リンゴとかバナナとかと買いました。
- ✓
- リンゴとかバナナとかを買いました。
- Why
- After the list, use the particle the verb needs (を), not と. と would make it an exhaustive "and".
The final とか is often dropped before the particle in speech: 映画とか買い物をする. A lone とか after one noun means "or something like that": 土曜日とか、どう? (How about Saturday or thereabouts?). Young speakers use とか as a general softener (私とか行けないし). It is common but is not tested and sounds vague.
JLPT N4 tips
On the exam
- If the blank follows a verb in plain form and another example follows, only とか fits; や is the trap because it cannot attach to verbs.
- When the sentence is formal (報告書, 調査, 発表), pick や〜など over とか even though both list examples.
Frequently asked questions
What does 〜とか "things like / such as / or" mean?
Non-exhaustive listing in casual speech ("A and B and so on"). Also hedging a quote (〜とか言っていた). とか lists examples without claiming the list is complete: 映画とか買い物とか = "movies, shopping and things like that". It is the spoken cousin of や〜など. Unlike や, it can follow verbs and adjectives, not only nouns (掃除するとか洗濯するとか). A second use is hedging a quote: 来ないとか言っていた = "he said something like he's not coming".
How do you form 〜とか "things like / such as / or"?
N + とか + N + とか (+ particle): 映画とか買い物とかを / V-plain + とか + V-plain + とか: 掃除するとか洗濯するとか / A single とか as "or something like": 週末とか、暇なとき / Hedged quote: plain sentence + とか言っていた. V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.
When is 〜とか "things like / such as / or" used?
Casual conversation among friends, family and colleagues when you are giving a couple of examples of activities, places, foods or reasons. It also appears in relaxed polite speech (〜とか、〜とかがあります). In formal writing, use や〜など or 〜たり〜たりする instead.
What is the difference between 〜とか "things like / such as / or" and 〜や〜など?
The neutral, written way to list non-exhaustive examples. や only follows nouns and is preferred in essays and formal speech.
What is the difference between 〜とか "things like / such as / or" and 〜でも?
でも gives one example softly in a suggestion (お茶でも). とか gives several examples in a list.
What is a common mistake with 〜とか "things like / such as / or"?
Wrong: 週末は映画を見るや買い物をするや、忙しい。 Right: 週末は映画を見るとか買い物をするとか、忙しい。 や attaches only to nouns. To list verb phrases casually, use とか.
Quick check
休みの日は、本を読む( )音楽を聞くとかして、ゆっくりします。