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道Nihongo Path

Lesson 95 of 110

〜に (frequency and ratio) "per / times a…"

ni (hindo)

By Nihongo PathUpdated

This form is also taught at JLPT N5, where it carries a different sense or register.

Meaning

Expresses how often something happens within a period.

To say how often something happens, put the period first, then に, then the number of times: 週に二回 = twice a week, 一日に三回 = three times a day, 年に一度 = once a year. The に means "per". The same pattern gives ratios: 三人に一人 = one in three people. It is a small but very common pattern, especially with medicine, lessons, sport and travel.

Describing routines (週に一回テニスをする), medical instructions (一日に二回飲む), statistics (十人に一人), and answering どのくらい〜ますか questions. Used in all registers; in casual speech に is often dropped (週二回).

Formation

V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.

  • Period + に + number of times: 一週間に二回, 月に一度, 一日に三回
  • Period + に + amount: 一か月に十万円 (100,000 yen a month)
  • Ratio: 三人に一人 (one in three)
  • Question: 週に何回〜ますか / どのくらい〜ますか

Visual diagram

  1. 週にperiod + に (per)
  2. 二回number of times
  3. ジムにplace
  4. 行っています。habitual action (ている)
I go to the gym twice a week.

Natural examples

  1. 週に二回、ジムに行っています。

    しゅうに にかい、ジムに いっています。

    I go to the gym twice a week.

    週に二回 = twice a week; 〜ている shows a habit.

  2. この薬は一日に三回飲んでください。

    この くすりは いちにちに さんかい のんでください。

    Take this medicine three times a day.

    Medicine instructions: 一日に三回.

  3. 年に一度、家族で旅行します。

    ねんに いちど、かぞくで りょこうします。

    Once a year we travel as a family.

    年に一度 = once a year; 一度 and 一回 are interchangeable.

  4. A:どのくらい日本語のクラスがありますか。 B:週に三回、月・水・金です。

    A:どのくらい にほんごの クラスが ありますか。 B:しゅうに さんかい、げつ・すい・きんです。

    A: How often do you have Japanese class? B: Three times a week, Monday, Wednesday and Friday.

    どのくらい asks for frequency; the answer uses 週に三回.

  5. この町では、五人に一人が七十歳以上だそうです。

    この まちでは、ごにんに ひとりが ななじゅっさい いじょうだそうです。

    I hear that in this town one person in five is over seventy.

    Ratio use: 五人に一人 = one in five.

Similar grammar and the difference

  • 〜ずつ

    ずつ means "each / at a time" (二つずつ). に + number is about frequency per period. Compare side by side

  • 〜ごとに / 〜おきに (N3)

    二日ごとに / 一日おきに mean "every two days / every other day", counting intervals. に counts occurrences within a period.

  • 〜くらい

    くらい gives an approximate amount (週に二回くらい). It can be added after the frequency. Compare side by side

Common mistakes

  • ✗
    二回に一週間ジムに行きます。
    ✓
    一週間に二回ジムに行きます。
    Why
    The order is period + に + times, not the other way round.
  • ✗
    一日で三回薬を飲んでください。
    ✓
    一日に三回薬を飲んでください。
    Why
    で marks the time needed to finish something; frequency per period uses に.
  • ✗
    毎週に一回
    ✓
    週に一回 / 毎週一回
    Why
    毎週 (every week) does not take に; use 週に or 毎週 without に.

一日に三回 and 一日三回 are both fine; the にless form is common on medicine labels. Periods used: 一日, 週, 一週間, 月, 一か月, 年, 一年. 一度 and 一回 are interchangeable for "once". For ratios the second number is usually 一: 十人に一人, 三日に一度 (once every three days).

JLPT N4 tips

On the exam

  • If a blank sits between a period (週, 一日, 年) and a count (二回, 一度), the answer is に.
  • Distractors include で, ずつ and ごろ. で is for duration to complete (一時間で終わる); ずつ is "each"; ごろ is "around (time)".

Frequently asked questions

What does 〜に (frequency and ratio) "per / times a…" mean?

Expresses how often something happens within a period. To say how often something happens, put the period first, then に, then the number of times: 週に二回 = twice a week, 一日に三回 = three times a day, 年に一度 = once a year. The に means "per". The same pattern gives ratios: 三人に一人 = one in three people. It is a small but very common pattern, especially with medicine, lessons, sport and travel.

How do you form 〜に (frequency and ratio) "per / times a…"?

Period + に + number of times: 一週間に二回, 月に一度, 一日に三回 / Period + に + amount: 一か月に十万円 (100,000 yen a month) / Ratio: 三人に一人 (one in three) / Question: 週に何回〜ますか / どのくらい〜ますか. V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.

When is 〜に (frequency and ratio) "per / times a…" used?

Describing routines (週に一回テニスをする), medical instructions (一日に二回飲む), statistics (十人に一人), and answering どのくらい〜ますか questions. Used in all registers; in casual speech に is often dropped (週二回).

What is the difference between 〜に (frequency and ratio) "per / times a…" and 〜ずつ?

ずつ means "each / at a time" (二つずつ). に + number is about frequency per period.

What is the difference between 〜に (frequency and ratio) "per / times a…" and 〜ごとに / 〜おきに (N3)?

二日ごとに / 一日おきに mean "every two days / every other day", counting intervals. に counts occurrences within a period.

What is a common mistake with 〜に (frequency and ratio) "per / times a…"?

Wrong: 二回に一週間ジムに行きます。 Right: 一週間に二回ジムに行きます。 The order is period + に + times, not the other way round.

Quick check

1 / 5Multiple choiceDifficulty 2 of 5

私は月(  )一回、母に電話します。