〜に (frequency and ratio) "per / times a…"
ni (hindo)
By Nihongo PathUpdated
This form is also taught at JLPT N5, where it carries a different sense or register.
Meaning
Expresses how often something happens within a period.
To say how often something happens, put the period first, then に, then the number of times: 週に二回 = twice a week, 一日に三回 = three times a day, 年に一度 = once a year. The に means "per". The same pattern gives ratios: 三人に一人 = one in three people. It is a small but very common pattern, especially with medicine, lessons, sport and travel.
Describing routines (週に一回テニスをする), medical instructions (一日に二回飲む), statistics (十人に一人), and answering どのくらい〜ますか questions. Used in all registers; in casual speech に is often dropped (週二回).
Formation
V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.
Period + に + number of times: 一週間に二回, 月に一度, 一日に三回Period + に + amount: 一か月に十万円 (100,000 yen a month)Ratio: 三人に一人 (one in three)Question: 週に何回〜ますか / どのくらい〜ますか
Visual diagram
- 週にperiod + に (per)
- 二回number of times
- ジムにplace
- 行っています。habitual action (ている)
Natural examples
週に二回、ジムに行っています。
しゅうに にかい、ジムに いっています。
I go to the gym twice a week.
週に二回 = twice a week; 〜ている shows a habit.
この薬は一日に三回飲んでください。
この くすりは いちにちに さんかい のんでください。
Take this medicine three times a day.
Medicine instructions: 一日に三回.
年に一度、家族で旅行します。
ねんに いちど、かぞくで りょこうします。
Once a year we travel as a family.
年に一度 = once a year; 一度 and 一回 are interchangeable.
A:どのくらい日本語のクラスがありますか。 B:週に三回、月・水・金です。
A:どのくらい にほんごの クラスが ありますか。 B:しゅうに さんかい、げつ・すい・きんです。
A: How often do you have Japanese class? B: Three times a week, Monday, Wednesday and Friday.
どのくらい asks for frequency; the answer uses 週に三回.
この町では、五人に一人が七十歳以上だそうです。
この まちでは、ごにんに ひとりが ななじゅっさい いじょうだそうです。
I hear that in this town one person in five is over seventy.
Ratio use: 五人に一人 = one in five.
Similar grammar and the difference
ずつ means "each / at a time" (二つずつ). に + number is about frequency per period. Compare side by side
〜ごとに / 〜おきに (N3)
二日ごとに / 一日おきに mean "every two days / every other day", counting intervals. に counts occurrences within a period.
くらい gives an approximate amount (週に二回くらい). It can be added after the frequency. Compare side by side
Common mistakes
- ✗
- 二回に一週間ジムに行きます。
- ✓
- 一週間に二回ジムに行きます。
- Why
- The order is period + に + times, not the other way round.
- ✗
- 一日で三回薬を飲んでください。
- ✓
- 一日に三回薬を飲んでください。
- Why
- で marks the time needed to finish something; frequency per period uses に.
- ✗
- 毎週に一回
- ✓
- 週に一回 / 毎週一回
- Why
- 毎週 (every week) does not take に; use 週に or 毎週 without に.
一日に三回 and 一日三回 are both fine; the にless form is common on medicine labels. Periods used: 一日, 週, 一週間, 月, 一か月, 年, 一年. 一度 and 一回 are interchangeable for "once". For ratios the second number is usually 一: 十人に一人, 三日に一度 (once every three days).
JLPT N4 tips
On the exam
- If a blank sits between a period (週, 一日, 年) and a count (二回, 一度), the answer is に.
- Distractors include で, ずつ and ごろ. で is for duration to complete (一時間で終わる); ずつ is "each"; ごろ is "around (time)".
Frequently asked questions
What does 〜に (frequency and ratio) "per / times a…" mean?
Expresses how often something happens within a period. To say how often something happens, put the period first, then に, then the number of times: 週に二回 = twice a week, 一日に三回 = three times a day, 年に一度 = once a year. The に means "per". The same pattern gives ratios: 三人に一人 = one in three people. It is a small but very common pattern, especially with medicine, lessons, sport and travel.
How do you form 〜に (frequency and ratio) "per / times a…"?
Period + に + number of times: 一週間に二回, 月に一度, 一日に三回 / Period + に + amount: 一か月に十万円 (100,000 yen a month) / Ratio: 三人に一人 (one in three) / Question: 週に何回〜ますか / どのくらい〜ますか. V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.
When is 〜に (frequency and ratio) "per / times a…" used?
Describing routines (週に一回テニスをする), medical instructions (一日に二回飲む), statistics (十人に一人), and answering どのくらい〜ますか questions. Used in all registers; in casual speech に is often dropped (週二回).
What is the difference between 〜に (frequency and ratio) "per / times a…" and 〜ずつ?
ずつ means "each / at a time" (二つずつ). に + number is about frequency per period.
What is the difference between 〜に (frequency and ratio) "per / times a…" and 〜ごとに / 〜おきに (N3)?
二日ごとに / 一日おきに mean "every two days / every other day", counting intervals. に counts occurrences within a period.
What is a common mistake with 〜に (frequency and ratio) "per / times a…"?
Wrong: 二回に一週間ジムに行きます。 Right: 一週間に二回ジムに行きます。 The order is period + に + times, not the other way round.
Quick check
私は月( )一回、母に電話します。