〜までに "by (a deadline)"
made ni
By Nihongo PathUpdated
Meaning
A deadline by which an action is completed (vs まで = continuing until).
〜までに means "by (a deadline)". 金曜日までにレポートを出してください = submit the report by Friday: the action happens once, at any time before the deadline. Compare まで, which means "until": 五時まで働く = work continuously until five. So までに goes with actions that happen once (submit, arrive, finish), and まで with actions that continue (work, wait, stay).
Deadlines at work and school, arrival times, preparation before an event: 会議が始まるまでに (before the meeting starts). Used at every level of politeness. Very common in instructions and requests with てください / なければならない / ておく.
Formation
V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.
Time noun + までに: 金曜日までに, 五時までにV-dictionary + までに: 会議が始まるまでにMain verb: a one-time action (出す, 帰る, 終わる, 準備する)Contrast: まで + continuous verb (働く, 待つ, いる)
Visual diagram
| Aspect | Meaning | Main verb | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| 〜まで | until (continuing up to that point) | continuous: 働く, 待つ, いる | 五時まで働きます |
| 〜までに | by (once, before that point) | one-time: 出す, 帰る, 終わる | 五時までに帰ります |
Natural examples
金曜日までにレポートを出してください。
きんようびまでに レポートを だしてください。
Please submit the report by Friday.
Deadline for a one-time action (submitting).
五時までに帰ります。
ごじまでに かえります。
I'll be home by five.
帰る happens once: by five.
会議が始まるまでに資料をコピーしておきます。
かいぎが はじまるまでに しりょうを コピーしておきます。
I'll copy the materials before the meeting starts.
V-dictionary + までに: before the meeting starts.
来週の月曜日までに、この本を返してください。
らいしゅうの げつようびまでに、このほんを かえしてください。
Please return this book by next Monday.
返す is a one-time action, so までに.
客が来るまでに、部屋を片付けておかなければならない。
きゃくが くるまでに、へやを かたづけておかなければならない。
I have to tidy the room before the guests come.
V-dictionary + までに with ておく: preparation before a point in time.
Similar grammar and the difference
〜まで
まで = until, with a continuing action. までに = by, with a one-time action.
〜前に
前に = before (an event), without the sense of a deadline. までに stresses that the deadline must not be passed.
Often combined: 〜までに〜ておく (do it in advance by a deadline). Compare side by side
Common mistakes
- ✗
- 五時までレポートを出してください。
- ✓
- 五時までにレポートを出してください。
- Why
- Submitting happens once, so the deadline needs までに.
- ✗
- 五時までに働きます。
- ✓
- 五時まで働きます。
- Why
- Working is continuous, so "until" is まで.
- ✗
- 会議が始まったまでに準備します。
- ✓
- 会議が始まるまでに準備します。
- Why
- The verb before までに is in the dictionary form even for a future event.
The test is always the main verb: does it continue (まで) or happen once (までに)? までには (with は) makes the deadline stand out: 十時までには帰ります. Written notices often use 〜までにお願いします (please do it by…).
JLPT N4 tips
On the exam
- If the main verb is 出す / 帰る / 終わる / 届く / 決める, choose までに. If it is 待つ / 働く / いる / 続ける, choose まで.
- ずっと in the sentence signals まで; a single completed action with てください / なければならない signals までに.
Frequently asked questions
What does 〜までに "by (a deadline)" mean?
A deadline by which an action is completed (vs まで = continuing until). 〜までに means "by (a deadline)". 金曜日までにレポートを出してください = submit the report by Friday: the action happens once, at any time before the deadline. Compare まで, which means "until": 五時まで働く = work continuously until five. So までに goes with actions that happen once (submit, arrive, finish), and まで with actions that continue (work, wait, stay).
How do you form 〜までに "by (a deadline)"?
Time noun + までに: 金曜日までに, 五時までに / V-dictionary + までに: 会議が始まるまでに / Main verb: a one-time action (出す, 帰る, 終わる, 準備する) / Contrast: まで + continuous verb (働く, 待つ, いる). V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.
When is 〜までに "by (a deadline)" used?
Deadlines at work and school, arrival times, preparation before an event: 会議が始まるまでに (before the meeting starts). Used at every level of politeness. Very common in instructions and requests with てください / なければならない / ておく.
What is the difference between 〜までに "by (a deadline)" and 〜まで?
まで = until, with a continuing action. までに = by, with a one-time action.
What is the difference between 〜までに "by (a deadline)" and 〜前に?
前に = before (an event), without the sense of a deadline. までに stresses that the deadline must not be passed.
What is a common mistake with 〜までに "by (a deadline)"?
Wrong: 五時までレポートを出してください。 Right: 五時までにレポートを出してください。 Submitting happens once, so the deadline needs までに.
Quick check
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