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Lesson 91 of 133

〜(さ)せられる (causative-passive)

(sa)serareru (causative-passive)

By Nihongo PathUpdated

Meaning

be made to… / be forced to… (often with reluctance)

The causative-passive combines "make someone do" and "be done to": 食べさせられた "I was made to eat". The person who was forced is the subject; the person who forced them takes に. It usually carries a feeling of reluctance or complaint: 一時間も待たされた "I was kept waiting a whole hour".

Complaints about bosses, seniors, parents (飲まされた, 働かされた), and also to describe being moved emotionally: 考えさせられる映画 "a film that makes you think". Common in both speech and writing.

Formation

V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.

  • Group 1: -aせられる, or the short form -aされる (書く → 書かせられる / 書かされる)
  • Group 1 verbs ending in す: only the long form (話す → 話させられる)
  • Group 2: -させられる (食べる → 食べさせられる)
  • する → させられる / 来る → 来させられる
  • Structure: (forced person) は (forcer) に Verb-させられる

Visual diagram

飲む

Group 1 verb

  1. + ませる飲ませるcausative: make someone drink
  2. + まれる飲まれるpassive: be drunk (by someone)
  3. + ませられる飲ませられるcausative-passive (long form): be made to drink
  4. + まされる飲まされるcausative-passive (short form): be made to drink

Natural examples

  1. 子供の頃、母に野菜を食べさせられた。

    こどものころ、ははにやさいをたべさせられた。

    As a child, I was made to eat vegetables by my mother.

    Group 2: 食べ + させられる. Forcer marked with に.

  2. 先輩にお酒を飲まされた。

    せんぱいにおさけをのまされた。

    I was made to drink by my senior.

    Short form of Group 1: 飲まされる.

  3. 一時間も待たされて、腹が立った。

    いちじかんもまたされて、はらがたった。

    I was kept waiting a whole hour and got angry.

    待たされる: kept waiting (complaint).

  4. 新人の頃は、毎日遅くまで残業させられた。

    しんじんのころは、まいにちおそくまでざんぎょうさせられた。

    When I was new, I was made to work overtime late every day.

    する verb → させられる.

  5. この本を読んで、命の大切さについて考えさせられた。

    このほんをよんで、いのちのたいせつさについてかんがえさせられた。

    Reading this book made me think about how precious life is.

    Emotional use: 'was made to think' with no unpleasant nuance.

Similar grammar and the difference

  • 〜させる (causative)

    From the forcer's viewpoint: 母は私に野菜を食べさせた. The causative-passive flips it to the victim's viewpoint.

  • 〜られる (passive)

    Something is done to you (叱られた). The causative-passive is being made to do something yourself.

  • 〜ざるを得ない

    'Have no choice but to' — obligation from circumstances, not from a person (N2).

Common mistakes

  • ✗
    先輩に話さされた。
    ✓
    先輩に話させられた。
    Why
    Verbs ending in す do not take the short form; 話さされる is incorrect.
  • ✗
    母は私に野菜を食べさせられた。
    ✓
    私は母に野菜を食べさせられた。
    Why
    The subject must be the person forced; the forcer takes に.
  • ✗
    食べられさせた
    ✓
    食べさせられた
    Why
    Order is causative first, then passive: させ + られる.

The short form (書かされる, 待たされる) is very common in speech; the JLPT accepts both. The emotional use with 考える, 感動する, 驚く (感動させられた) expresses being deeply affected. Compare the three: 食べさせる (make eat) / 食べられる (be eaten, can eat) / 食べさせられる (be made to eat).

JLPT N3 tips

On the exam

  • Identify who is forcing and who is forced; the forced person is the subject of させられる.
  • For す-verbs the short form does not exist, so 話さされる in the choices is always wrong.
  • Keywords like 無理に, 嫌々, 一時間も point to the causative-passive.

Frequently asked questions

What does 〜(さ)せられる (causative-passive) mean?

be made to… / be forced to… (often with reluctance). The causative-passive combines "make someone do" and "be done to": 食べさせられた "I was made to eat". The person who was forced is the subject; the person who forced them takes に. It usually carries a feeling of reluctance or complaint: 一時間も待たされた "I was kept waiting a whole hour".

How do you form 〜(さ)せられる (causative-passive)?

Group 1: -aせられる, or the short form -aされる (書く → 書かせられる / 書かされる) / Group 1 verbs ending in す: only the long form (話す → 話させられる) / Group 2: -させられる (食べる → 食べさせられる) / する → させられる / 来る → 来させられる / Structure: (forced person) は (forcer) に Verb-させられる. V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.

When is 〜(さ)せられる (causative-passive) used?

Complaints about bosses, seniors, parents (飲まされた, 働かされた), and also to describe being moved emotionally: 考えさせられる映画 "a film that makes you think". Common in both speech and writing.

What is the difference between 〜(さ)せられる (causative-passive) and 〜させる (causative)?

From the forcer's viewpoint: 母は私に野菜を食べさせた. The causative-passive flips it to the victim's viewpoint.

What is the difference between 〜(さ)せられる (causative-passive) and 〜られる (passive)?

Something is done to you (叱られた). The causative-passive is being made to do something yourself.

What is a common mistake with 〜(さ)せられる (causative-passive)?

Wrong: 先輩に話さされた。 Right: 先輩に話させられた。 Verbs ending in す do not take the short form; 話さされる is incorrect.

Quick check

1 / 5Multiple choiceDifficulty 2 of 5

子供の頃、私は母にピアノを(  )。