〜(さ)せられる (causative-passive)
(sa)serareru (causative-passive)
By Nihongo PathUpdated
Meaning
be made to… / be forced to… (often with reluctance)
The causative-passive combines "make someone do" and "be done to": 食べさせられた "I was made to eat". The person who was forced is the subject; the person who forced them takes に. It usually carries a feeling of reluctance or complaint: 一時間も待たされた "I was kept waiting a whole hour".
Complaints about bosses, seniors, parents (飲まされた, 働かされた), and also to describe being moved emotionally: 考えさせられる映画 "a film that makes you think". Common in both speech and writing.
Formation
V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.
Group 1: -aせられる, or the short form -aされる (書く → 書かせられる / 書かされる)Group 1 verbs ending in す: only the long form (話す → 話させられる)Group 2: -させられる (食べる → 食べさせられる)する → させられる / 来る → 来させられるStructure: (forced person) は (forcer) に Verb-させられる
Visual diagram
飲む
Group 1 verb
- + ませる飲ませるcausative: make someone drink
- + まれる飲まれるpassive: be drunk (by someone)
- + ませられる飲ませられるcausative-passive (long form): be made to drink
- + まされる飲まされるcausative-passive (short form): be made to drink
Natural examples
子供の頃、母に野菜を食べさせられた。
こどものころ、ははにやさいをたべさせられた。
As a child, I was made to eat vegetables by my mother.
Group 2: 食べ + させられる. Forcer marked with に.
先輩にお酒を飲まされた。
せんぱいにおさけをのまされた。
I was made to drink by my senior.
Short form of Group 1: 飲まされる.
一時間も待たされて、腹が立った。
いちじかんもまたされて、はらがたった。
I was kept waiting a whole hour and got angry.
待たされる: kept waiting (complaint).
新人の頃は、毎日遅くまで残業させられた。
しんじんのころは、まいにちおそくまでざんぎょうさせられた。
When I was new, I was made to work overtime late every day.
する verb → させられる.
この本を読んで、命の大切さについて考えさせられた。
このほんをよんで、いのちのたいせつさについてかんがえさせられた。
Reading this book made me think about how precious life is.
Emotional use: 'was made to think' with no unpleasant nuance.
Similar grammar and the difference
〜させる (causative)
From the forcer's viewpoint: 母は私に野菜を食べさせた. The causative-passive flips it to the victim's viewpoint.
〜られる (passive)
Something is done to you (叱られた). The causative-passive is being made to do something yourself.
〜ざるを得ない
'Have no choice but to' — obligation from circumstances, not from a person (N2).
Common mistakes
- ✗
- 先輩に話さされた。
- ✓
- 先輩に話させられた。
- Why
- Verbs ending in す do not take the short form; 話さされる is incorrect.
- ✗
- 母は私に野菜を食べさせられた。
- ✓
- 私は母に野菜を食べさせられた。
- Why
- The subject must be the person forced; the forcer takes に.
- ✗
- 食べられさせた
- ✓
- 食べさせられた
- Why
- Order is causative first, then passive: させ + られる.
The short form (書かされる, 待たされる) is very common in speech; the JLPT accepts both. The emotional use with 考える, 感動する, 驚く (感動させられた) expresses being deeply affected. Compare the three: 食べさせる (make eat) / 食べられる (be eaten, can eat) / 食べさせられる (be made to eat).
JLPT N3 tips
On the exam
- Identify who is forcing and who is forced; the forced person is the subject of させられる.
- For す-verbs the short form does not exist, so 話さされる in the choices is always wrong.
- Keywords like 無理に, 嫌々, 一時間も point to the causative-passive.
Frequently asked questions
What does 〜(さ)せられる (causative-passive) mean?
be made to… / be forced to… (often with reluctance). The causative-passive combines "make someone do" and "be done to": 食べさせられた "I was made to eat". The person who was forced is the subject; the person who forced them takes に. It usually carries a feeling of reluctance or complaint: 一時間も待たされた "I was kept waiting a whole hour".
How do you form 〜(さ)せられる (causative-passive)?
Group 1: -aせられる, or the short form -aされる (書く → 書かせられる / 書かされる) / Group 1 verbs ending in す: only the long form (話す → 話させられる) / Group 2: -させられる (食べる → 食べさせられる) / する → させられる / 来る → 来させられる / Structure: (forced person) は (forcer) に Verb-させられる. V = verb, N = noun, A = adjective.
When is 〜(さ)せられる (causative-passive) used?
Complaints about bosses, seniors, parents (飲まされた, 働かされた), and also to describe being moved emotionally: 考えさせられる映画 "a film that makes you think". Common in both speech and writing.
What is the difference between 〜(さ)せられる (causative-passive) and 〜させる (causative)?
From the forcer's viewpoint: 母は私に野菜を食べさせた. The causative-passive flips it to the victim's viewpoint.
What is the difference between 〜(さ)せられる (causative-passive) and 〜られる (passive)?
Something is done to you (叱られた). The causative-passive is being made to do something yourself.
What is a common mistake with 〜(さ)せられる (causative-passive)?
Wrong: 先輩に話さされた。 Right: 先輩に話させられた。 Verbs ending in す do not take the short form; 話さされる is incorrect.
Quick check
子供の頃、私は母にピアノを( )。